BDM midterm Essay Example for Free

BDM midterm EssayRalph Edmund loves steak and potatoes. Therefore, he has decided to go on a steady diet of only these two foods for all his meals. Ralph realizes that this is not the healthiest diet, so he wants to make sure that he eats the right quantities of the two foods to pay some key nutritional requirements. He has obtained the following nutritional and costs data.The Oak Works is a family owned business that makes hand crafted dining path tables and chairs. They obtain the oak from a local tree farm, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak each month.Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each chair uses 25 pounds of oak. The family builds all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of labour available each month. Each table or chair requires 6 hours of labour. Each table nets Oak Works $four hundred in profit, while each chair nets them $100 in profit. Since chairs are often sold with tables they want to produce at least twice as many chairs as tables. Formula a linear p rogram to maximize profit.

The traditional meanings Essay Example for Free

The traditional meanings EssayInnovation is the identifiable tool of free enterprisingthe undertaking that provides resources with a fresh great power to generate affluence. Peter Drucker The traditional meanings of innovation involves the process of introducing something new or something that is newly introduced (either an idea, method, or device) with tangible societal impact, according to The American Heritage Dictionary. In this definition, an innovation is not its technical description until a person effectively realizes the idea or a thing and creates profit on it. An innovation whitethorn be immense or minor. New-fangled or barely somewhat changed, it does not carry some weight. It can also be visibly intricate or apparently uncomplicated. Innovations are time and again assumed in terms of practical attainment however, they can as well be outlines. The category, industry and carriage of innovation are immaterial, yet its bearing establishes its aptitude. The existence of a whiz person can facilitate originality. The thing may have speedy gist by having an individual who can observe critically and manage the things to take place in the future.On the some other hand, innovation is above the creation of either genius individual such as Einstein. It entails carrying the design of a person or group of originators to expansive viewers. The opportunity of a lot of industries is reliant upon the cogency of the businesses to innovate. Since competition is intense, information unfolds rapidly. The power of a business enterprise to not merely sustain with its recent commerce systems but to surpass its particular prospects as well as its competitors are vital to its continued existence. Theories of InnovationThere are several presumptions of innovation, namely discovery, incremental, disruptive, and transaction cost and network theory as some. There are cases asserting that innovations are required to be disrupting to meet the criteria of innovation. The change which occurs may represent both drastic and additional variations to items for consumption, schemes or services. The practically implicit objective of innovation is to resolve a predicament. Others claim that any modification, on condition that it is quantifiable, becomes certified as innovation.Certain population would like innovations to be exposed and to be made ready to hand(predicate) to each and every one as a way of defying even added development and inventiveness. Then again other people still think that new uncoverings and channels have to be improved in confidence. The theory of breakthrough innovation is the one responsible for having pioneering ideas, products, or services. According to Nelson and Winter (1977, pp. 36-37), introducing a completely original creation or service rather than offering improved goods services along the similar lines as presently may incorporate risk.The vagueness of breakthrough innovations denotes that hardly ever do businesses accomplish their breakthrough aims this mode, nonetheless those periods that breakthrough innovation becomes successful, the compensation can be great. Incremental theory of innovation, on the other hand, concerns the revised form of ideas, products, or services. This innovation includes substantial adjustment or conversion in fundamental technologies and approaches, cause by those functioning beyond typical production and out of presented paradigms.Every now and then, it is exceptionally difficult to create a distinction between breakthrough and incremental innovation, especially of ideas. Disruptive theory of innovation, then again will regularly have features that customary sections of consumers may not yearn for, at least(prenominal) at the start. Such advancements will come into view as bargain basement priced, more plain and even with substandard class if matched up to accessible ideas, goods, or services although a quantity of subsidiary or new part will appreciate it.With the purpose of getting to the bottom of these troubles, establishments should construct a self-regulating commerce division whose dimension complements the surfacing market. This kind of innovation theory is somewhat a result of the aforementioned two theories. The occurrence of breakthrough and incremental innovations will mean better bounds of awareness, conceivably insistent of a fresh technique of considering the entire problem, almost certainly obtaining a much bigger threat than lots of individuals concerned are pleased about.There is repeatedly substantial hesitation in relation to forthcoming results. There may be significant disagreement to the suggestion and queries on the subject of moral principles, reasonableness or outlay of the application may be heaved. Communities may look into if this is or is not, an innovation of an idea, tool, or course. In the operation expenditure and net assumption point of view, innovation is an original building block instituted in the h ang of connections which alters the expenditure of dealings among components in the system.

Effects of Media on Public Discourse

Effects of Media on Public DiscourseMICHAEL GANIDEKAMDO easy-disposed MEDIA ENCOURAGE OR DETRACT FROM MEANINGFULPUBLIC DISCOURSE?When unrivaled is asked a question on What is the greatest power evident in this twenty- jump Century? answers and thoughts will cut across recent powerful countries handle the US or China, or other great transnational businesses. But that genuinely depends on the persons perception on how he/she defines power. Anything that has the ability to bring about change and status is how I define power that is wherefore I consider the meshing as the greatest power in the 21st Century. The impact and contributions this technological invention has brought on human life and the introduction terminate non be denied or silenced about. Mangold and Faulds (2009) points how amicable Media has influenced and contributed in many aspects of stakeholder behaviours in relation to how information is received and consumer attitudes towards a product or service.Social me dia as defined by Lindsey (2011) refers to internet-based applications which allow converse and sharing of information and resources between people. It also provides a guesss by which people can subsume to each other through the internet. Social media can also be identified as a group of internet-based applications intended to build on ideologic and technological foundations that allow the establishment and exchange of satisfy generated by economic consumptionrs (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Social Media can also be considered as technology-facilitated communication driven through platforms like social networking, social bookmarking, wikis etc. to connect with the public. (Reilly and Hynan, 2014). Social media comprises of a wide range of online channels. They include word-of-mouth forums which include blogs, discussion boards sponsored by companies and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer email, internet discussion platforms and forums, social networking websites and more. Example s include Facebook, chirp, YouTube, wikis, blogs, LinkedIn, MySpace etc.Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) observed how social media physical exertion has evolved in wonder through the past decade from frequent changes affecting dialogue through parvenue technologies to help interact and sh ar information. According to McLuhans medium theory for new media, it states that, any advanced modern society is wrought by the various media technologies that are available to it (Laughey, 2007).Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) identified two key elements of Social Media, related to the theory of media research which is Social Presence and Media Richness. The social front end theory states that, media alter in the degree of social existence and allow the merging of two communication partners. The higher the social existence, the huger of influence that communication partners have on each other. And other key element, media richness theory bases its assumption that the goal of any communication is th e resolution of ambiguity and the lessening of uncertainty. Because media vary in the level of richness, some media are more effective in resolving ambiguity and uncertainty than others. Connecting the theories to Social Media, we assume that, a classification can be made based on the richness of the medium of communication and the level of social existence it allows.Van Dijk (1997) identified talk over in collar dimensions which are language use, communication of beliefs and interaction in social situations. He further noted how the use of language is not only limited to verbalise but also encompasses written textbook communication where text is defined as the product of writing. Written texts are integral in how one wants to fade with language through speaking and writing and the modes for this discourse is what Van Dijk (1997) termed as Users, who include authors and readers. This theory is appropriate in Social Media where texts play a live role in the communication and in teraction process.Meaning is another important element in a discourse. Laughey (2007, as cited in Hall, 1982) observed that, Meaning is a social production, a practice. The world has to be made to mean. Language and symbolism is the means by which consequence is produced. He further explained that, language is made to mean something by encoding by the producers and this is then made to mean something through decoding by audiences. The encoding and decoding model of semiotic theory for meaning creation helps to know if Social Media messages have meanings rather than just reflecting meanings (Hall, 1993).In understanding meaning in a discourse, Van Dijk (1997) postulates two notions consequence and Reference. Topic is the general meaning that defines the unity of a discourse and most often are expressed in sectors of media as headlines, posts or summaries and an example can be seen on either of the social networks posts. He also posit that, topics are usually the best remembered par t of a discourse which I agree to because when one has about 500 friends on Facebook and posts a content with the topic Ebola in Scotland, the topic easily circulates and be remembered when the reader or recipient might not have been able to remember the whole detail of the information. The other notion is reference and this is the way a discourse and its meaning are linked to mental imagery events that is been talked about or trending as we call it in chirrup. Therefore in achieving a consistent discourse resulting in a meaningful one, Van Dijk (1997) argues the text of the content must be about events or situations that relate at least with the speaker or sender.A meaningful discourse can then be defined as a process of partnership and social negotiation with the goal of sharing different viewpoints and ideas and to collaborate on solving problems and experience building activities (Gilbert and Dabbagh, 2005 as cited in Duffy and Cunninggham, 1996).Lets consider one of the Soci al Media platforms in perspective and how it is lessening meaning in a discourse. Twitter is a social networking platform where users send and receive text-based updates called twitchs (Fairclouth, Mulderrig and Wodak, 2011). These tweets can be delivered and read web based or via instant messaging clients. On this platform, users elect whom they want to follow either an individual or a group or even strangers they then receive all updates written and posted by them. About engagement on this platform, a Twitter user follows a range of people and some of these people do post updates of which some whirl useful words of advice, links, news or amusing tales. But many of these messages might just be scanned through, no much concentration, appeal and sometimes effectuate the person off. Sometimes the intimacy of Social Media contexts is not always positive as Crawford (2009) postulates. It can create discomfort, confusion or resentment. She therefore mentioned that sometimes Twitter u sers may require dexterity based on its demands of news updates to messages, information about what is trending in the day or what somebody had for breakfast.Korschun and Du (2012) argues that Social Media users are not passive audience but rather are active co-creators of worthy but Asur et al. (2011) rebuts that, Social Media generates a never-ending wealth of content and that only hardly a(prenominal) messages and topics manage to attract enough attention and engage in public discourse.In this technological age, one is able to express his/her opinions, ideas, and thoughts freely via the Social Media at no cost or charge. No form of regulation is binding users for signing in/up, liking a post on someones page, or following someone on Twitter. The only thing evident is the attainment of information. With Social networks like Facebook and Twitter, liking something is assumed as the determinant of worth to the one who posted that information. Liking does not necessarily mean anythi ng to the recipient because we cannot argue if just liking something on a page describes how the recipient is ruling or thinking when doing that (Zappavigna, 2012). I can testify to this myself as an ardent Social Media freak that, most often, the thought process in liking something on a page maybe absent hence done passively.A Facebook user can log into his/her account only to be welcomed with a well of texts or posts and even begging you to see more. When messages are posted on Social Media and become disturbing to the recipient, they lose meaning and thus become psychological disorder to audiences or users. Any undesired uncertainty of message or information received is called noise (Nunes, 2011). He also mentioned that noise can reduce the possible of communication in a discourse. This case of noise cuts across all the platforms of Social Media for example with one of the social networking platforms called Twitter. This system can provide pour down up messages on users scree ns whenever messages called tweets are received passively serving as disproportionate fracas (Zappavigna, 2012).Social Media users have come to trade commitments with engagements or interactions for a pat on the back, and this discourse is eroding that true(p) culture of dialogue and the ability to nuance values we actually like. Think about it in this way, the bulk of content posted on a social/web page each day and contrast that with interacting in real life. Which is meaningful? About content on Social Media, Lee (2014) posit that, it is not a discussion but a statement and this makes the internet an accumulation of statements, thereby resulting in dialogue lost for a meaningful discourse. One can testify to how information presented in person through interaction in real life feels. other limitation for a meaningful discourse is when content is ignored and considered unworthy to recipients and when content is in the viral state. When a user is present online, his/her account can not command posts from trawling onto the page but the only remedy is to ignore them. Lee (2014) identified virulence on Social Media as the circulation of a statement online which does not expand room for discussion. An example of such incidence is the confusion on mislabelling a missing student as the suspect following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. someone jokingly posted his name on Twitter and his name ended up trending nationally, though he had nothing to do with the attack. All these factors account for the depreciation of the worth to address and discuss issues in depth.The proliferation of misinformation on Social Media is in influx and easily goes viral. Examples of such include posts on misguided drug use/health, false organisations or individuals appear to deceive or fraud people, false information circulating and many more. An example can be traced to the recent first diagnosis case of Ebola virus in the United States on September 30, 2014. The patients were teste d and proved negative but Social Media users on Twitter unploughed tweeting as if the virus was running rampant in the country.There is nothing wrong with how Social Media use has helped in engaging and communicating with a large and diverse virtual community of people but the argument here is that it does not provide fulfilment on the platform. Interaction between individuals physically confers a much better way to dialogue and know who the person is and how well trust can be expressed on them. The anonymity of oneself on mesh allows others to in some way disassociate with their ideas, thoughts and even actions.One may argue of having friends on Facebook for example but that does not define what a true community is but is rather classified as a virtual presence. Interaction on this platform is not face-to-face even if the friends appear online to be engaged in an interaction. How can you justify if the supposed friends are the real people you are engaging with at that time?Someti mes unperceptive arguments are started online for example in politics and before you realise feelings are sparked unleashing a swath of ridiculous and offensive comments making it look so dramatic. Social Media discussions are becoming so much dramatic and provocative much more than the usual physical interactions would have been (Beirut, 2009).Social Media in my opinion detracts from meaningful discourse the concept of engagement and presence is one of the challenges that has been forfeited and relegated for the virtual presence. Social Media evolution has brought about a lot of impacts and contributions but the reality is this, it is teaching us to know the better forms of interaction and engagement that is deeper and truer within a meaningful communication discourse.ReferencesASUR, S., HUBERMAN, B.A., SZABO, G. and WANG, C., 2011. Trends in social media persistence and decay. ICWSM.BEIRUT, 2009.Why do people really tweet? The psychology behind tweetingRetrieved November 5, 2010. online Available from http//blog.thoughtpick.com/2009/08/why-do-people-really-tweet-the-psychology-behind-tweeting.html Accessed on 15 November 2014CRAWFORD, K., 2009. Following you Disciplines of listening in social media. Continuum Journal of Media Cultural Studies, 23(4), pp. 525-535FAIRCLOUGH, N., MULDERRIG, J. and WODAK, R., 2011. Critical discourse abridgment. Discourse studies A multidisciplinary introduction, pp. 357-378GILBERT, P.K. and DABBAGH, N., 2005. How to structure online discussions for meaningful discourse A case study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), pp. 5-18HALL, S., 1993. Encoding, decoding. The cultural studies reader, 4, pp. 90-103KAPLAN, A.M. and HAENLEIN, M., 2010. Users of the world, unite The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), pp. 59-68KENT, M. L., MAUREEN, T., WHITE, W.J., 2003. The relationship between website cast and organizational responsiveness to stakeholders. Public Relations Review, 29(1), 63-77.KIETZMANN, J.H. et al., 2011. Social media? Get serious Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons, 54(3), pp. 241-251KOLLER, V., 2005. Critical discourse analysis and social cognition evidence from business media discourse. Discourse Society, 16(2), pp. 199-224LAUGHEY, D., 2007. Key themes in media theory. McGraw-Hill International. pp. 60-90LINDSAY, B.R., 2011. Social media and disasters Current uses, future options, and policy considerations. Congressional Research Service.MANGOLD, W.G. and FAULDS, D.J., 2009. Social media The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), pp. 357-365NUNES, M., 2011. Error glitch, noise and jam in new media cultures. New York Continuum. pp. 13-18REILLY, A.H. and HYNAN, K.A., 2014. Corporate communication, sustainability, and social media Its not easy (really) macrocosm green. Business horizons, 57(6), pp. 747-758SIFFERLIN, A., 2014. Fear, misconception and Social media complicate E bola fight. online Available from http//time.com/3479254/ebola-social-media/ Accessed on 14 November 2014VAN DIJK, T.A., 1997. The study of discourse. Discourse as structure and process, 1, pp. 1-22ZAPPAVIGNA, M., 2012. Discourse of Twitter and social media How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Importation of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EU

Importation of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EUThe Role Certification, including Grading and Standards Play in the Importation of Organic Agricultural Products from Africa to the EUCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONAbstractWhat atomic number 18 standards? what is constituent(a) unwrap? What factors drive the economic climate in Africa and the EU? What is support? What is the purpose of certification? and how of the essence(predicate) is the exporting of native agricultural do from Africa to the EU in terms of their economic kind?, are all hesitations which go to the heart of this thesis. Accordingly they volition be extrapolated through tabu the thesis enquiry and where they intersect and overlap this testament be goodifyed throughout the thesis. Various themes leave al matchless be incorporated into the thesis since these, in like manner give be relevant to the answering of the above named psyches. These themes include the economic climate in Africa poverty in Af rica the importance of the positive uprise exportation market to African farmers why regulation is important in the EU fork over chain management issues and their importance business good practice constructability of produce pricing productisation and marketing strategies. These themes and the answers to these misgivings will highlight the character that certification, including rate and standards play in the importation of complete products from Africa to the EU. The purpose of these surgical procedurees will be looked at throughout the course of the thesis and this will elucidate their role similarly. The place of certification, grading and standards processes will be assessed and their overall contribution to the economic climate in Africa will be examined. In this sense, through analysis of contemporary and historical, economic and political issues, both in the EU and in Africa, a bullyer perspective on the role of these processes may be derived. Also, the importance of native produce to consumers in the EU will be examined and the reasons for its growth in popularity will be analysed, since this overly will shed light on the role played by certification, grading and standards processes in the importation of organic produce from Africa to the EU.IntroductionThe economic blood between Africa and the EU is complex (Ake, C. (1996) p1), and may be described as of key economic significance to Africa, and, albeit to a lesser extent to the EU. The economic relationship in terms of organic commodity trade and exportation is also important. The market for organic produce in the EU is developing at an exponential function rate. The reasons for this will be looked at in to a greater extent distributor point, as the thesis progresses, but for the moment is is suffice merely to support this point in the pursuit way the Centre for the instruction of Industry in the EU has estimated that the annual growth rate of the organic products market in global ter ms exceeds 20% (CDI, 1999 p1). Some to a greater extent figures may put this statistic into perspective. This sedulousness for organic commodity produce produces sales of an estimated 4.1 billion Euro, in Europe (as estimated in 1997) (CDI, 1999 p2). This is all the more significant for the EU, given that according to EPOPA (2006 component part 3.1.1) the connections between Africa and the EU in the arena of organic exportation of agricultural produce are far more developed that those between Africa and Japan or between Africa and the linked States1. This evidences the importance of the relationship between the EU and Africa, and the importance of prevailing this economic relationship by keeping standards of produce in terms of quality and integrity at a high threshold. This is one of the functions of the the process of certification, which will be examined in greater detail as the the thesis progresses.The European Union lay down strict regulations which apply to the importa tion of organic products from Africa into the EU, and this is piece of musicicularly true of organically produced commodities such as coffee, vanilla extract and other foodstuffs produced by African farmers. Certification is one of these processes of regulation and it is a requirement which is just one of an amalgam of requirements which must first be cheerful before organic agricultural products may be exported from Africa to the EU.Many programmes and organisations arouse been established with the specific purpose of encouraging African farmers to export organic produce to the EU. Organic produce which is to be exported from Africa into the EU is required to be checked rigorously to see that its standards are acceptable for consumption in the EU. These standards, procedures and programmes and their purpose will be explained and discussed throughout this project. In event, at that place will be a focus on the role that grading and standards play in the importation of organic agricultural products from Africa into the EU. The methodology which will be used throughout the thesis will be qualitative in nature and will revolve just astir(predicate) the evaluation of secondary sources. Some quantitative material will be used but this will be evaluated qualitatively, in keeping with the emphasis which is to be brinytained on the qualitative arm of explore methodology.Research Aims and ObjectivesThe objectives of the research are fairly straightforward. The primary concern of the research is to answer the thesis question as clearly and as concisely as possible. The writer wishes to formulate an originally conceived thesis and to draw conclusions on the basis of what has been discovered through the research enquiry.The limitations of the research will be assessed, and the best ways to lessen the effects of limiting factors will be identified and implemented. then the writer wishes the thesis to confer to research in the field and to be a source of informat ion for others interested in researching the same field. It is the ultimate aim of the writer, to fully understand the role of certification (to include the process of grading and standards) in the importation of organic agricultural produce from Africa to the EU. accordingly these processes will be examined in astuteness and explained in full, with reference to academic publications and internet base resources.The socio-political and economic environment in which these processes operate is of crucial importance to the thesis, and accordingly it is the aim of the writer to fully explain these and the give illustrations of theory, where appropriate. A means of doing so effectively has been identified as the use of a cheek study. Accordingly, the country of Uganda has been chosen as the basis for the case study, and the socio political environment and the points made in relation to this will be illustrated through this mechanism.CHAPTER TWOMETHODOLOGYMethodologyThis project will i nvolve a qualitative evaluation of published and well known texts in the field. These will be secondary sources, as the topic is so far removed from westerly culture and the resources on hand(predicate) to the writer are such that credible primary research is maybe not a feasible option. Nevertheless in depth and comprehensive insights will be gleamed from books, articles and web based resources. The methodology will in that respectfore use secondary sources.Qualitative research mainly focuses on an adaptation of the world around the researcher. The researcher themselves is used as a mechanism of research and their observations form key elements in the research (Bryman, A. (1992) p45). Quantitative research, conversely focuses on scientific extrapolations of data (Bryman, A. (1992) p11) and quantitative research tends to predict and hypothesis about results whereas qualitative research results tend to be more malleable and subjective in their extrapolation.The focus on qualitat ive research was chosen for this project as it seemed more compatible with the ultimate aims of the thesis enquiry. A dearth of literature is available on the subject at hand and this may be explored through many means such as library based and internet based research. Therefore views and opinions, as well as the research of others were consulted in the course of the research.In the course of research of this nature, to preserve the integrity of the research objectivity is plain a prime concern. The writer must be careful not to extract views that are non-white, or to formulate their own views through examination of biased material. Therefore a very wide scope was introduced to the research and a wide selection of texts were consulted. Where possible more than one text were used to ratify points that are to be made. This scope will assist the writer to accumulate a more biased and open minded view of the issues which the research question will plow. The objectivity of the researc h was also preserved as the writer consulted a wide range of sources published by interested parties, such as development agencies, non profit making organisations, government endorsed material and material available from the world of academia.The website of the European Union was also consulted as this is probably quite a reliable source of information, and reliability, like objectivity was paramount in the pursuit of the research objectives. Therefore sources that were disseminated through reliable and well value media like online book databases were consulted. In this sense therefore the qualitative research which was the objective of the project was rumpleed systematically and in a planned and structured manner. probable drawbacks and potential problems for the thesis enquiry were also considered. Limited resources were manifestly a primary concern, as any research project may be indefinitely improved upon through expenditure of money and availability of resources. However, since this is a university project and one which has a limited time scale, such investment was not feasible. Therefore the writer attempted to compensate for this by ensuring that the research objectives were identified clearly from an early stage of the research, so as to enable the writer to devote as oft time as possible to the gathering of material for the project. The research was therefore well planned and executed in a tenacious and organized manner, adding credibility and depth to the finished piece of music.Ethics are also of primary concern to any credible researcher. Therefore, the writer ensured that they familiarised themselves with ethical research practices, antecedent to the execution of the research. In terms of ethics, for this research, which does not involve contact with human research subjects, the ethical concerns of the writer were probably much less onerous, as great care must be taken when human subjects are involved in research. Nevertheless, ethical c oncerns played a substantial part of the research inning and the themes of objectivity and reliability of sources were given much consideration, as has been explained above. The emphasis was on producing a wide, comprehensive, well thought out and ethically complied thesis and this is obvious from how the piece has been approached.CHAPTER THREEAFRICA, FARMING AND THE EUAfrican Farmers and the EUThousands of African farmers operate small farm holdings and they are, in many respects reliant upon these agricultural practices in terms of maintaining a healthy, or even subsistence standard of living. Poverty among this sector of Africans (the agricultural sector) has been explained in many ways, some of which are described in this changeover&aposTiffen et al.&aposs (1994) much-admired study of Machakos District, Kenya, demonstrates much success in agricultural development and improved rural welfare over the last 40 years. But there is precious little in that work about differentiation. Instead, we have had to wait for Rocheleau et al. (1995) for reports of increasing social differentiation in the District. This has been reinforced by the detail in Murton&aposs recently published work (1999), based on surveys in one village in upper Machakos, supported by rapid assessment for other villages.Forty per cent or more of households have not had the capital to invest in cash crops of coffee and French beans(Belshaw and Livingstone (2002) p110)&apos.The EU plays an important part in maintaining higher living standards for the African farmers, and a large part of this involves supporting the practice of exportation of organic produce from Africa to the EU. This supporting function booked in by the EU involves the support and maintenance of various agencies and initiatives. The agencies to whom the responsibility of ensuring that the importation of organic agricultural products from Africa to the EU runs smoothly conduct research and gather data in relation to the operat ion of importing organic produce from Africa into the EU. They also offer advice to African farmers wishing to improve their circumstances through growth and exporting their products to the EU. Examples of the agencies and initives mentioned above include EPOPA (Export Promotion of Organic Products from Africa), Fairtrade and EFTA.EPOPAThis is an organisation which is called a development agency. It was originally set up by the Swedish International Development Agency in 1997, and its aim is to educate African farmers about business strategy and awareness of the regulations which are involved in exporting their organic produce to Africa (EPOPA, 2006 p1). Specifically, this agency targets small holder farmers as this sector of the African population stand to gain the most from this education, advice and information provision service (EPOPA, 2006 p1).EFTAEFTA was established in 1990 and this term stands for the European Free Trade Association (http//www.efta.int/). This organisation operates as part of a network which involves eleven different Fair Trade organisations in various European countries, who import fair trade products from almost 500 economically disadvantaged countries, including Africa (http//www.efta.int/). Its head office is based in Maastricht in the Netherlands and its main official mission statement is to ensure that Fair Trade is conducted more efficiently and effectively part of its role is also to disseminate information to farmers in Africa and to lead networks between farmers to ensure that they can exchange ideas and experiences of producing products, including agricultural products for sale in the EU (http//www.efta.int/).Markets for Organic ProductsIt is important to be aware that the market for organic produce is limited when compared with the markets for more generic produce. Although it has been argued above that the market for organic produce in the EU is quite large, it is important to understand that this market is not comparabl e in terms of surface with other markets, selling globally recognised merchandise and products such as Mc Donald&aposs food and fluent phones. This puts the pressing need for quality standards in the organic food market into perspective, and highlights the need for processes of certification and quality control.In terms of organic trade the US, the United Kingdom and Germany have the biggest markets for the sale of organic produce whereas the most significant per capita consumption can be found in Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark (EPOPA, 2006 extend 2). This limited size exemplifies the importance of putting high quality produce into these markets as often what drives the demand for organic produce is the perception that organic produce is of a skipper quality and is more healthy for the purposes of consumption.Outlets for Organic ProduceA look at the food outlets for organic produce throughout the EU will also allow the writer to gain perspective on the importance of quality and standards. This analysis will introduce the main thrust of the thesis, which is the role of certification, grading and standards in the importation of organic produce from Africa into the EU.In the EU, most organic produce tends to be marketing through hypermarkets and supermarkets (EPOPA, 2006 Annex 2). The emphasis is on cleanliness and presentability. This is an indication of the developing demands there are in the EU for organic produce. The features of organic produce are very marketable indoors the EU, in the face of public concerns about food safety and health issues connected with foodstuffs.The genetically modified food market has also perhaps strengthened the demand for organic foodstuffs within the EU, since this debatable issue has highlighted and contributed to the growing concerns there are among members of the public about the long term health impacts which may be the result of eating an unhealthy or overly chemically ridden diet. There are proven links between di et and cancer proven links between some chemicals and cancer and obviously these health issues make the public image of organic foodstuffs very important. These factors have put organic food onto the shopping lists of many people within the EU, who perhaps traditionally would have regarded organic food as a luxury which was extravagant and unnecessary. The next section will focus on how Africa came to be one of Europe&aposs main suppliers of these organic foodstuffs, that are growing in importance.CHAPTER FOURAFRICA&aposS DEVELOPING ECONOMYAfrica&aposs Economic Climate and the Developments Which put one across Affected the Agricultural IndustryThe Africa economy has undoubtedly become more sophisticated in recent years (http//europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htm) (Hanna, J. and Hanna, W. (1981) p81). Like the Republic of Ireland, Africa has seen a process of diversification. The age old dependency upon commodities for the economic well being of the country has been lessened through the p rocess of diversification (Barber, W. (1961) p44) (Hyden, G., Kates, R. and Turner, B. (1993) p41). Mauritius is just one compositors case South Africa, Botswana, Senegal and Uganda are others. Commodities such as sugar cane, minerals and gold and diamond exportation and the manufacturing industries which have seen more investment have contributed to this emboldened leap forward(Arnold, G (2000) p91) (Konadu-Agyemang, K. (2001) p11).Strengthening political structures has also played a large part in the economic progress that has been seen to affect the commodity markets in limited in these countries (Yudelman, D. (1983) p3) (Ottaway, M. (1997) p15). Ottoway gives us some important detail here&aposThe economy that the new democratic elites inherit in most African countries has typically suffered from two decades of mismanagement, exogenous shocks, and inappropriate policies, resulting in a growing debt crisis and a semipermanent process of negotiations and debt rescheduling with i nternational creditors. In addition, the democratic transition itself has occasioned large economic costs, either because of extensive civil unrest and sometimes violence, or because of the fiscal recklessness of authoritarian leaders trying to hold onto power. Thus, the governments that emerge from the process of democratization face the scare away tasks of consolidating pluralist institutions and undertaking urgent economic reform simultaneously(Ottaway, M. (1997) p17)&apos.During the 1960s, when most African countries obtained independence from colonial rule, many commodity industries were subject to a process similar to the nationalised industry strategies we saw immediately prior to the Thatcher era in Britain (Aryeetey, E., Court, J., Nissanke, M. and Weder, B. (2003) p201). The commodity industries in most African countries therefore were heavily influenced by politicians often engaged in undemocratic practices (Reynolds, A. (1999) p28). Also, the absence of private enterpr ise which these national led economies fostered led to huge market inefficiency. These processes are slowly becoming more sophisticated, and African countries have moved from selling raw produce to case and marketing their own.Africa farmers are also engaged in direct trading with the West(Federici, S., McLaren, J. and Mwaria, C. (2000) p3) the EU in particular proposition as we have seen explained in the introduction. weaken investment in the economies of African countries has led to the availability of more education for more people. Interventions from agencies, described above have also contributed greatly to the increasing sophistication of the economies of African countries, paying dividends in terms of a strengthened economy and better stability for small holdings farmers (Abubakar, A. (1989) p83).Better roads have also been a dividend of this growing economic fervour, as these have led to better economic stability for producers who are able to sustain their own supply chain s for private enterprise commodity exportation to the EU, and further afield. Specifically, this is of relevance to organic producers of agricultural produce for ultimate distribution in the EU. Sea and air freight are the most common forms of transportation used by African farmers to deliver their products to the EU (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.1.3). However there are countries such as Uganda and Zambia, which may be descried as landlocked countries, and as such they need to rely upon established and well constructed roads in order to ensure that there business supply chain is uninterrupted and reliable. This is so that they may be able to reach ports and airports with their produce.What is Quality/What are Standards?This refers to a measure of how much value the product may be seen as having. Higher quality products tend to have higher values. Standards, in the context of the certification process refer to a measure of quality. Quality is important in the context of organic commodity ex port from Africa to the EU as it allows producers to measure how priceless their produce is in a comparative sense. In this sense, quality informs the end consumer of the product and it also informs each and every actor who has contact with products along the supply chain which brings the product to market. Quality is therefore of key significance to all concerned with the presence of organic agricultural commodities from Africa in the EU and global markets.Specifically, quality in the production of organic commodities in Africa is measured with reference to particular characteristics. These are origin, service, volume, and reliability of exporter (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.5).CHAPTER FIVETHE CERTIFICATION PROCESS AND WIDER ECONOMIC ISSUESFactors which an African Farmer Must Take into Account The Certification ProcessBefore an African farmer may export organic agricultural goods for consumption within the EU, the farmer must first obtain a certificate in Organic Standards (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.2). The purpose of the certification process is to ensure that the farmer is producing organic products that are of a high enough standard to enter the EU market and the homes of EU consumers. It is illegal for an African farmer to export goods from their farms, for distribution in the UK, without first obtaining such certification, and the organic certificate is only issued for a period of one year (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). While obtaining the appropriate certification, is often time eat and expensive, there are many ways this certification can be obtained and the two major categories are external certification and internal certification (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3).The farmers may engage in what is known as an Internal make System or ICS. Small farmers can obtain certification in groups, which ameliorates the simpleness of expense on the farmer in question (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). This system of internal certification is advantageous to farmers also as it maximises co ntact between farmers in similar situations and enables networks to the established between the farmers and therefore facilitates the building of economic relationships and the sharing of experience and expertise. These groups need to be monitored internally.External certification involves an external certifier gathering much information about the farmers who wish to export their agricultural organic produce to the EU. In order for standards and grading to be conducted in a fair and consistent manner the farmer in question must provide much information about their business and agricultural practices (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). The external certifier may organise inspections of the produce (and where quality suspicions have been raised, more inspections may be carried out at the certifier&aposs discretion) which has been grown by the farmer wishing to export organic goods for sale and consumption in the EU and the certifier may make certain recommendations to the farmer accordingly th e external certifier holds much power and influence (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3).What Does the Certifier research For in the Pursuit of Consistent Standards of Product Integrity?The certifier will look at a number of issues before the issue of a certification which will enable the farmer to distribute his organic agricultural produce for consumption in the EU. Firstly there will be a need to ensure that organic and non-organic produce is keep separate secondly there will be a need to ensure that products are traceable thirdly the technologies which are used in the growth and production process are strictly monitored, and lastly there will be a need to ensure that controls are imposed on agents used in the production process of the goods (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.4). These are the main issues which a certifier will look at before a certificate will be issued to the farmer who wishes to export his agricultural produce to the EU.Perhaps the most important of these processes is the need for traceability. This process refers to the identification of foodstuffs and an ability to trace where the product has come from (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3-2.4). This process is particularly important, where there are quality or health and safety issues with the organic foodstuffs. This process therefore involves a registration programme, where farmers are required to to register the full origin of the produce, including any supply chain transitions, so that the origin of the foodstuffs are always clearly placeable (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3-2.4).In terms of the monitoring of technology and the other factors identified above these are also very important in the process of standards and grading of the produce. Ethical factors are key here. Organic agriculture is often viewed by those who purchase and consume organic products as a safer and more environmentally cordial option. The certification process has to ensure that these standards are retained on a level which is commensurate with th e levels of faith that consumers of organic produce place in them. Therefore technologies and production enhancement through the use of technology is strictly monitored in the standards/grading and certification process.The Need for Certification in Terms of Quality Control of Organic Agricultural ProduceThere is quite a broad spectrum of quality which may be expected from African producers of organic agricultural produce. This transformation exists even in spite of the checks which are imposed at certification level. The agencies which work closely with African farmers aim to eliminate these problems with quality. The certification process is just the first step, since even the checks which may be imposed at certification level can only guarantee a standard level of quality. In some cases, also the certification inspections may not be frequent enough to identify and eliminate sub standard produce. The long term solvent to this problem therefore is arguably to attempt to look at w hy some African farmers are producing lower grade produce and in doing so to attempt to identify some possible solutions to this problem.Organic farming is also highly labour intensive and attracts very high distributions expenses. Also, in terms of organic produce from Africa, the African distributors often obtain very low prices for their products in EU markets and this encourages or even necessitates lower quality produce to be distributed (EPOPA, 2006 Annex 3). This is due to a number of factors, one of which is that the image of Africa and African produce is quite poor. Consumers are often very concerned with the origin of the products in question and, while this is an intangible issue, which is essentially reputation orientated this does not imply that it cannot be addressed at source, by African farmers. One way to address this problem is to build rapport with the customer, by attaching recognisable names and personas to the produce, creating continuity and intrust between p roducers and the end consumer. Examples of these &apospersonas&apos have been identified by EPOPA (2006 Section 3.2.1) as Tasty Toms, Del Monte Pineapples and Chiquita bananas. Branding therefore is a crucial part of the commodity market for sale of organic produce between Africa and the EU, as it builds trust and encourages the African farmers producing such commodities to maintain their reputations through strengthening the quality of the products they can distribute to end customers.The Fair Trade Certification ProcessThis is a particular course of certification which may be acquired mainly for agricultural products (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.3.3). It is similar to the generic process of certification, although it is perhaps not as widely recognised by exporters of produce to the EU, which is because this particular method of certification seeks to target small and disadvantaged commodity producers in Africa (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.3.3).What is the Grading and Standards Process?The gr ading process is an essential part of the organic exportation business. It may be done by both farmers themselves and by exporters (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.2.2). It ensures that minimum standards are adhered to and that there are levels of consistency in terms of quality instilled in the quality control processes surrounding the exportation of organic produce to the EU.Grading may be carried out in conjunction with other processes that are linked to the grading system. Bulking, cleaning, grading and packing are usually undertaken at the same time (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.2.2), as this enables the grader to identify and separate lower quality produce, and to ensure that the produce is fully prepared for exportation. For example, if a certain commodity is packaged in a particular way, it may be graded in a better category, since it is to be expected that the packaging may preserve the produce better than inferior packaging or no packaging at all.Grading and its Links with Better Infrastru ctureGrading is inherently linked with economic and infrastructure development in African countries. It makes sense that processes like this should not be regarded as isolated processes. For example, the grading of produce may be significantly affected by the continuance of time it takes for their produce to reach points where exportation may begin. Therefore the point that economic processes may be seen to be intertwined so crucially with more large economic

Why Do People Wrongfully Confess To Crimes?

Why Do People Wrongfully Confess To Crimes?False confession and self-incriminating penetration made to the police by innocent suspects which is clearly against their self- interest is usually a combination of factors which are associated with various circumstances and nature of the custodial interrogation, the suspects genius factors and psychological vulnerabilities. What is more there are serious instant that follow from confession and this also applies to the case of delusive confession. The study from the United States shows that around half of the confessions which pull downtually were established to be false led to criminal conviction (Howitt, 2006).A confession, defined as a written or oral contention acknowledging guilt, in criminal law is a very decent form of exhibit an irresistible confirmation of guilt. While most confessions are true, some stack have been known to confess to a crime they did not commit. harmonize to Kassin (2008 cited in Hewstone, 2005), 20 to 25% of all DNA exonerations involve innocent prisoners who confessed. Among more of the studies of Gudjonsson (2003) and The Innocent Project, a long list of cases is provided in which people have been imprisoned for a long period or even executed on the basis of false confession. In the United Kingdom these include the cases of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, two cases from the mid 1970s in which innocent people received a long prison sentence based on the evidence that included false confession. But the reason or question of wherefore people marque false confessions is more of a psychological issue which according to Hewston (2005) sight be broken into two types of confession voluntary ( which occurs in the absence of whatsoever obvious external pressure ) and coerced. Furthermore coerced false confession can be broken down into two sub-types coerced-compliant (in which an somebody confesses in enounce to cope from a stressful situation) and coerced-internalized f alse confession(confession where the person becomes convinced, at least in the short term, that she or he did commit the crime).Centuries ago, a confession was treated as a conviction Conti (1999). In order to obtain the confession, the use of physical torture was common, and all confessions were routinely disclosed into evidence without question. But slowly over the centuries, the act of confession in the legal system changed from the obtaining of confession by physical torture, in the mid 1700s, to totally excluding coerced confession by the mid to recently 1800s. By the 19th century, the courts were sceptical of all confessions and tended to dismiss them if questionable Conti (1999) .According to Munsterberg (1908 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003) the principal cause for false confession is emotional shock which falsifies peoples retrospection, curiously during the police interrogation. Moreover psychoanalyst and criminologist Theodor Reik (1959 cited in Conti, 1999), argue that the process of devising a false statements originates from the unconscious compulsive need to confess. He argues that if instinctual impulses striving for sort are spurned or condemned by the external world, the still feeble ego can manage only to express them in the form of confession. Hence, the pickpocket to confess is a modified urge for the expression of the drives. However, researchers much(prenominal) as (Ofshe, 1991 Zimbardo, 1967 cited in Gudjonsson,2003 Conti, 1999, Hewstone, 2005) claim that the false confession is a consequence of police incompetency and maliciousness. The primary aim of the questioning of suspects by the police is to obtain a confession from them or to gain information which may be relevant to perish to a conviction. Therefore skilful interrogation requires the use of psychological principles and concepts.Experienced police questioning uses a variety of methods and techniques. As a consequence, in order to obtain confessions from suspects, police in terrogators may use lies and some forms of deception. For example telling the suspects that they have evidence linking them to the crime when in fact no such evidence exists. Radically speaking there are a lot of different psychological reasons why people do confess to crimes they did not commit. Based on this, Kassin and Wrightsman (1985 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) indicate three different psychological types of false confession voluntary, coerced-compliant and the coerced-compliant false confession.A voluntary false confession occurs in a case, when an individual in the absence of any obvious external pressure presents themselves to the police and admits to a crime they did not commit. In doing so people report themselves, claiming that they are the perpetrators after having seen the report of an event on television or read about it in the press. There may be several reasons for this according to Kassin and Wrightsman(1985 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003 Howitt , 2005 Conti, 1999 Hewston, 2005 ) Firstly the pathological trust to gain fame, which from the psychological perspective would be seen as the need to increase ones self-esteem even if it means having to face the appeal of imprisonment. As an example Kassin and Wrightsman use the fact that over 200 people falsely confessed to the famous Lindbergh kidnapping as a ending of a desire for recognition (Charles Lindbergh an American hero who was the first person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone, On 1st March 1939 his first born corrupt was kidnapped for ransom and later found dead. Although the suspect was found and later convicted and executed for the crime, doubts about his guilt have persisted around the case for years as a consequence of the large number of other individuals who confessed to the crime in order to receive recognition and fame). Moreover seeking to alleviate the guilt, which often occurs in demoralize people (the person may feel guilt about previous events i n their life , and believe that they deserve to be punished). There is inability to accredit fact from fantasy, in other words they are unable to distinguished between truly event and events which derive from their imagination. This type of behaviour is often associated with disorders such as schizophrenia. Furthermore they believe that it is not possible to prove their own innocence, and therefore the confession to the crime is to mitigate the punishment. As well as a desire to protect the real criminals and the desire to conceal another, more serious offence or offences.Coerced-compliant false confession, in other word forced confession, is the result of pressure exerted during interrogations. In this case the potential suspect does not confess voluntary but admits to it in order to avoid the difficult and stressful situation. According to Vennard, (1984 cited in Hewston, 2005) this happens for several different reasons such as the suspect might wish to please the interrogator, avoid further detention and interrogation, avoid physical harm( real or imagined) or strike a deal with the interrogator that brings some reward for making a confession. What is more the suspect is fully aware of the consequences arising from making a self-incriminating confession , but naively believes that somehow the truth will come out later or that their defence lawyer will be able to correct their false confession (Gudjonsson, 1993)The third type of false confession is coerced -internalization. In other words enforced, internalized confession. This is where the suspect begins to believe that he perpetrate the alleged offence, even though he does not have any actual memory of having committed the crime. According to Kassin, (1997 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003) this type of false confession is associated with two kinds of factors. Firstly the vulnerability of the suspect such as suggestibility, low intelligence, alcohol and drug use, age and stress. Secondly the presentation of fal se evidence by police, such as manipulated polygraph or other forensic tests such as fingerprints or bloodstains, testimony theoretically made by an accomplice, or a delegacy eyewitness identification, as a way to convince the suspect that they are guilty. Until recently, there was no empirical evidence for the concept of coerced-internalized false confessions. However, eyewitness memory researchers have found that misleading post-event information can alter actual or reported memories of observed events (Cutler Penrod, 1995 Loftus, 1979 Loftus Ketcham, 1994 cited in Conti, 1999). Furthermore contemporary studies suggest that it is even possible to implant false recollections of unrepeated experiences from childhood, such as being lost in a shopping mall, that theoretically had been forgotten, but in reality neer happened (Loftus Ketcham, 1994). What is more Kassin and Kiechel (1996 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) have demonstrated in a laboratory experime nt that false evidence presented to the innocent suspect can lead them to agree guilt for a crime they did not commit. In their studies Kassin and Kiechel invited 75 students to participate in what was introduced as a computer task. It was emphasized that during the task, they should not hit the ALT-key. by and by around one minute, the computer supposedly crashed and the experimenter accused participants of having pressed the forbidden ALT-key which all denied doing. At this stage the false evidence was introduced for some participants. In their study, Kassin and Kiechel (1996 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) found that 69% of them were willing to sign a false confession, 28% internalized guilt, and 9% confabulated details to support their false beliefs. As results the studies show that false confessions can be easily elicited.Furthermore according to Costanzo, Krauss and Pezdek, (2006) there are several other facts which may lead to false confession. These f acts usually involve youths many of the well-known examples of false confession involve a juvenile or young suspect. In Dnzin and Leo(2004 cited in Costanzo et al, 2006) 32 per cent of proven false confessions were made by those under the age of 18 and 63 per cent were under the age of 25. Other factors include mental illness in the findings of Dnzin and Leo (2004 cited in Costanzo, Krauss and Pezdek, 2006) 10 per cent of the sample were diagnosed with some form of mental illness. He argues that mental illness suspects may suffer from the inability to foresee the long term consequence of a statement made during the questioning. Lastly there is the vulnerable spirit people differ in their ability to oppose persuasion. Although there may be several aspects of personality that make people vulnerable to false confession such as the need for approval and social anxiety , the most powerful factors specially investigated because of their strong relation to false confession pointed out by Constanzo et al (2006) involve high suggestibility and compliance to authority. In addition to stable personality vulnerabilities a variety of reasons may influence the increase risk of false confession. Sleep deprivation lowers our opposition to oppression. Grief also can have an jar on false confessions. Several false confessions have involved a suspect who in a state of grief confessed to a crime they did not commit. All of these temporary states may lead to mental confusion hence false confession.In conclusion, there are several different reason why innocent people may confess to the crime they did not commit which involves psychological ,emotional and outside pressure such as police questioning. What is more we may distinguish between three different types of false confession which are voluntary, coerced-compliant and coerced-internalized. Each of those types of confession has a distinctive set of conditions and psychological consequences. According to Gudjonsson, (1993) i n order to better understand false confession and avoid it in the future what is needed is more detailed and careful study of cases where people falsely confessed to serious crimes, and of particular importance would be the careful analysis of the techniques and methods used by the police during the interrogation which may be one of the many reasons for the false confession.BibiographyBartol, A.M. (2004) Introduction to forensic psychology. London Sage Publication.Conti, R.P. (1999) The Psychology of False Confessions, The Journal of CredibilityAssessment and Witness Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 1.Costanzo, M., Krauss, D., Pezdek, K.(eds)(2006) Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts. sunrise(prenominal) Jersey Psychology Press.Gudjonsson, G.(1993) The psychology of interrogations, confessions and testimony.Chichester John Wiley and sons.Hewston, M., Finchman, D., Foster, J.(2005) Psychology. Oxford BPS Blackwell.Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Josephs, S.(2003) INDIVIDUAL DIFF ERENCES AND FALSE CONFESSIONS A CONCEPTUAL REPLICATION OF KASSIN AND KIECHEL (1996) Psychology, Crime Law, 9( 1) , pages 1 8.Howitt, D. (2006) Introduction to forensic and criminological psychology. Harlow Pearson Longman.Newburn, T., Williamson, T., Wright, A. (eds)(2007) Handbook of criminal investigation.Devon Willan Publishing.Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. Devon Willan Publishing.Weiner, I. B.(2003) Handbook of psychology. Hoboken NJ Wiley.

Tahitians and the Nootka :: essays papers

Tahitians and the NootkaTo Compare these two groups, the Tahitians and the Nootka one must consider that thither are considerable similarities but there are certain differences which allow them to be set apart. The Tahitians set themselves apart as evolved and fit the model for intensive farmers, since they are blessed with the rich soil and adequate rain fall. The Nootka too, are somewhat in the scope but they are still categorized as hunting watch-gatherers. This can be explained in many different ways, the Tahitians climate allows for them to wear less clothing, as it is quite tropical. The Nootka have to go through a jalapeno North America climate though there is still warm air from Japan. The Nootka land provides them with big game and this can give them warmth in colder days. This account for some of their hunter instinct. The Tahitians are more focused on cultivating their land which, as opposed to that the Nootka.They both cultivate their land to accommodate their involve and fish intensively as a mean of subsistence. Their similarities run way deeper than just these habits based upon the ecological model of culture it will simplify the and also the differences. The most obvious difference is in the language and population density of them two. The Tahitians numbered about 100,000 whereas the Nootka are only around 6000 or a little more. As far as nutrition goes the diet is similar in fish, the Tahitians though are excellent farmers and can cultivate the land very well. The Nootka because of their ecological environment are able to hunt game as well as fishing and their unmatched ability to store food makes them a successful hunter gatherer society.Technologically, the two share similarities in that they both are good woodwork. They use wood tools do to the lack of metal. Their tools are complex but limited. Stone, shells, bones and wood make up the materials used for tools, the other materials available are the grass, the branches of the coconut t rees for example.Their tools include harpoons and series of hooks and line for fishing. For construction stone drills, wedges and adzes, thus far the Nootka have hunting weaponry such as bow and arrow, spears and traps for hunting game. They both posses the science of carpentry, they build houses and make boats and also paper with great skill and workmanship.The Tahitians provide separate housing for the chief and their homes are made by the top carpenters whereas the housing scheme of the Nootka.

Phtography Essay -- Art, Sally Mann

Sally Manns photographic work has received both reverence and controversy, most notably her book Immediate Family (1994), which contains nude sculpture and suggestive photographs of her three children, has also sparked overwhelming critical discussions and speculation, whilst challenging the prevailing concepts of family and puerility in the United States. Produced immediately after the Reagan revolution, which reinstated family values and a to a greater extent conventional moral sensibility as vital to the framework of public policy (Berlant, 1997, p. 7), Manns work has resulted in her immersed into debates surrounding child pornography, the inversion of familial relationships, motherhood, and conveying a complex notion of the maternal gaze.Hlne Cixous states that binary oppositions underline most of Western philosophical thought e.g. male/female, officious/passive, natural/unnatural, logical/emotional (Conley, 2000, p.148) which have the effect of forming a set of standardised va lues within patriarchal society. Conversely, Immediate Family moves towards a state where what is traditionally considered antipodal co-exists, where neither is repressed, and offers an alternatively paradigmatic relationship between binary opposites. In addition to this, by considering Manns work in terms of Cixouss understanding of the Freudian concept of the Uncanny, a more fluid and permeable reading of Immediate Family can be produced. The Uncanny is characterised by a strangeness that uncovers what is hidden (anxiety) and by doing so, effects a disturbing transformation of the familiar into the unfamiliar (Jackson, 1981, p.65), resulting in an inability to decipher what is considered to be real and what is thought to be imaginary. Mann is known for ten... ... is ultimately the girls subversion of the border dividing life and death. The familiar becomes dauntingly unfamiliar, as with dreams that slip past our perceptual defences triggering a response but never quite bring out their meaning (Williams and Newton, 2007, p.207). Subsequently, this expresses a blurring of boundaries and embodies the notion of metamorphosis where divisions cease to be defined. The animation/inactivity duality of the body defies the binary opposites of rational thinking, and in doing so, introduces the Uncanny into this photograph. The more star analyses and observes this photograph, the more it constantly shifts across the prescribed boundaries of illusion and reality, often entering controversial areas. Winter Squash demonstrates how Mann takes the viewer from a visual affirmation of childhood and youth, to an inherent fear of death.