Tesco's Strategic Real Estate Management Case Study

Tesco's Strategic Real Estate Management - Case Study Example The futuristic thrust of a company can be assessed by its assets. If the company carries forward its business prospects by accumulating assets on a recurring basis, this indicates towards the fact that the company is not there for short term gains. Policies of such companies, in general, always happen to be friendly to different sets of stakeholders. Acquiring real estate is one good indication towards the strategic focus of the company. Tesco's policies have been to acquire the real estate with an eye on long term perspective. Continuously monitoring the environment and following the leaders has become key to a successful business. Continuously studying the different aspects of environment (social, political, legal, technological etc.) and taking corrective and adaptive steps accordingly helps in growing of an organisation. Tesco started computerised checkout counters as early as 1982 and this stride continued with opening of www.tesco.com and its online operations. Today it is the largest store in UK with presence in many countries around the world. This study is an effort to find out how the management at Tesco has been able to make use of its strengths and adapted to external pulls and pressure while successfully managing the resources at its command. Of all the changes in distribution during the last century, those taking place in retailing have been the most dramatic. Totally new institutions have appeared in an industry that a hundred years ago consisted mostly of small general and specialty stores. Tesco is one such store which had a humble beginning early in the 20th century and today it is one of the leading company in the retail sector. Besides acquiring prime space in the major cities in UK, in the form of its stores, company has been able to take advantage of the opportunities in the overseas market. This study is an effort to figure out how the company is able to synchronise its marketing efforts while investing in real estate as well. The Evolution of Tesco Tesco has been a leading company in the retailing business. With its presence in many parts of the world, the company has been able to take good advantage of the liberalisation policies being adopted by nations around the world. While talking about the policies adopted by the management in order to take growth oriented approach, it is worth discussing how the company was able to effectively manage its assets like the real estate. It was in the year 1919 that Jack Cohen founded Tesco, when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. His first day's profit1 was 1 and sales 4. The name comes from the initials of TE Stockwell, who was a partner in the firm of tea suppliers, and CO from Jack's surname. It was in year 1929 that Jack Cohen opens his first Tesco store in Burnt Oak, Edgware, North London. And there's no looking back since then. Tesco has a long term plan for growth, based on four key strategies2: i. Growth in the Core UK ii. Making corporate social responsibility an integral part of the business iii. To expand by growing internationally iv. To be as strong in non-food as in food v. To follow the customers into new retailing services The company has been steadily progressing with these strategies over the years and with over 2100 stores in UK and serving 12 markets 12 markets internationally, in Europe, Asia and North America. Over the years, the company has also widened its

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Done by: Habib Iscandar Hinn Friends Boys School June 22, 2007 To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Introduction: The major product of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a small amount of isobutylene being formed as a by product And this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step mechanism in which the rate determining step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this bonds immediately to near by nucleophile (in this case nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion. Note1: if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it So chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism: 1- Nucleophilic substitution Sn1 The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not affected by changes in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present. Note2: the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophile Note3: if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have higher energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic. 2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular) And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol. (Note4: electrophile: an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.) (Note5 : nucleophile: and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.) Evaluating the mechanism: The only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are the primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules: 1- Anions are solvated by hydrogen bonding, 2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product. The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride. (Note 6: the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in solution) The balance equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent is: The effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 %acetone solvent. As the reaction proceeds the solution becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change color when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant. So according to kinetic measurements: Rate of reaction = K [t butyl chloride] Where K is the specific rate constant in S -1 and [t butyl chloride] is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M. Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the time required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride. Rate = d [Rcl] dt ; Where Rcl = -dt [Rcl] = K [Rcl] dt Rearranging, d [Rcl] = -K dt [Rcl] And integrating for t=0 to t=t will give; = Ln [Rcl] t Ln [Rcl] 0 = Kt 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t Where [Rcl] 0: is the molar concentration at time t = 0 [Rcl] t: is the molar concentration at time t = t Two methods to calculate K 1- since the equation Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 [Rcl] t Is an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log [Rcl] 0 / [Rcl] t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k. 2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completion Then, [Rcl] = 0.90 [Rcl] 0 Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = 2.303 log (1.11) 0.90 [Rcl] 0 And therefore, K = 0.104 T So by finding the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = K[Rcl] where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its effect on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % acetone solution. The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. In nearly every instance an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total fraction of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea) Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the curve increases by increasing the temperature and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate. Note7: changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equation K1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1 Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1) A is a proportionality constant, in s-1 R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1 e is the base of the natural logarithms. T is temperature in Kelvin. This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equation We measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1 Ln K = ln A Ea RT Thus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln A Note8: Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reaction We can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known. For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known) K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 For any other T2 (known); (K2 unknown) K2 = A e -Ea/RT2 By dividing K1 over K2 K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 K2 A e -Ea/RT2 Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get Ln K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1). K2 R Or in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) gives: Log K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1) K2 2.303 R And by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone solution. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Procedure: Part A: the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. A, a, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. A, b, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. Part B: the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree. B, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. B, a, II:- 1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes. 2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees. B, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. B, b, II:- 1- Suspend the flasks #3 and #4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath) 2- Adding quickly the solution in flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. Record A Run number Temperature Time of 10 % reaction Average time / seconds Record B Run number Temperature Time required for 10% reaction Average time/seconds Average time/ seconds References; * E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc. * Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. * Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed. * Search engines that where used: o www.google.com o www.yahoo.com * Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Korean Airlines and Asiana Airlines Comparison

Korean Airlines and Asiana Airlines Comparison PARK EUNHEEÂ   Question 1 Operational shall possess and control the product or service that meets the process of planning and meeting the product or customer needs. Companies should be allowed to produce at reasonable costs. They must fine-tune their production processes to focus on quality, to hold down the costs of materials and labor, and to eliminate all costs that add no value to the finished product. Making the decisions involved in the effort to attain these goals is the job of the operations manager (web-books).The operational manager shall plan the necessary solutions for planning, proceeding, and planning. I am going to discuss compare Korean Airlines (failure) and Asiana Airlines (success). Asiana Airlines is the nations No.1 airline. Looking at the two airlines, I want to see what the difference is. Therefore, one can look at the parts that Korean Air needs to develop. Corporate philosophy First, Asiana Airlines (failure) Corporate Philosophy As a basic philosophy, Asiana Airlines is implementing the management philosophy of Customer Satisfaction through the Best Safety and Service , which is the safest, fastest, and most pleasant way to meet customers time and place . (PhilosophyCorporate, 2017) Second, Korean Air will continue to strive to achieve the mission of Excellence in Flight. In addition, we will strengthen our competitiveness through rapid and flexible response to market changes and customer needs, and we will pursue sustainable growth and become a leader in the aviation industry. (philosophyManagement, 2017) Various educational programs Korean Air has organized a separate training center for specialized training in specialized job fields such as navigation, maintenance, and rooms. In addition, we are overcoming the limitations of time and place, and are activating online education to enable selective learning that meets individual needs. We are continuously developing rich contents such as acquiring business knowledge, cultivating service mind, foreign language course for global business execution (programsVarious, 2017; programsVarious, 2017; programsVarious, 2017) (VISIONHR, 2017) Asiana Airlines (failure) says human personnel is the most precious resource and gives equal opportunities for all members of the company, giving equal rewards and fair compensation. Lastly, they are trying to work as a corporate culture that allows businesses to freely communicate with other families that are free to use. Asiana Airlines is providing a systematic education with a vision of developing a global leader promoting future values and accomplishments. Through three leadership programs, education is strengthening, strengthening professional education, and strengthening service education. In addition, employees are conducting an organization culture education involving employees. Like this same series of companies, but it have slightly different operating programs and educational programs. By comparison, Asiana Airlines has a more specific and diverse variety of programs than Korean Air. Also, Asiana Airlines employees through specialized training programs to educate and trai n employees through continuous integration, education, and solving problems. Finally, you can find out the special parts that Asiana Airlines have. In order to manage the performance of staff, the portion of the evaluation is similar to those of the two airlines, but Asiana Airlines performs both the coaching and interim check. It is important to objectively evaluate and assess objectives when setting goals and evaluating performance. However, it is very important to monitor and provide feedback to employees through an interim check review prior to the performance appraisal. Through this time, staff will modify and strengthen their behavior. Such a time will soon produce better results in performance appraisal. Also, Asiana Airlines has customers first through corporate philosophy. However, Korean Air takes priority over corporate culture. Of course, it is also a system for customers, but I think it is right that the customer has the philosophy to go first. I think that if Korean Air thinks about customers first and educates them, they can be better airlines and better airlines. To become an internationally recognized airline, it is a challenge not to stay in position. Question 2 Production management, and the organization and function of which is controlled collectively. Production activities are limited to manufacturing activities, especially purchasing, manufacturing, finance and labor. The academic system, which effectively and efficiently manages the production of products and services, has long used the term production management because production management originated in the original manufacturing industry, or factory. However, while the service sector recently started to grow the share of traditional economic management is the name of the manufacturer as well as production operations management. There are four objectives for production management. The first is Cost. Production must be mass-produced, facilities should be used as long as possible, and maintenance costs should be low. Inventories of finished products and raw materials should be kept to a minimum, and costs for rework and waste should be minimized. The second is Quality. High quality is defined as a quality that is far higher than the competitors quality and is good enough to be sold despite the high price. Third is Delivery. It is refers to the ability to deliver products or services to customers at the time and place they want. Lastly is flexibility. Flexibility refers to the ability to quickly adjust production quantities in response to fluctuations in demand, and to rapidly develop new products to meet consumer needs or preferences, or to change product designs in a variety of ways. With these goals, can look at the basic system of production. A production system is systems that include all the functions required to design, produce, and services the system. There are four main parts of the system. Input is whatever goes into the system. Process is where various kinds of operation take place. Output is whatever is produced by the system. Feedback is where information about the output is used to change the input, or change the process, or start up another system. Production system is part of a comprehensive production management system that enables the planning process to be carried out according to plan, preparation of raw materials, planning, calendar scheduling, and planning for the project. (systemsProduction, 2017) Â   New service development involves everything involving product or service design, business model design and marketing. The service system develops new services by investigating markets, types, profits, and period. Test the new business model for customers, testing profitability and potential. Through this process, they can create a finished product. Another important part of the service is competitiveness. Competitiveness means that a product or service offered by a company sells better than its competitors in the market. As long as you have the competitiveness, the company can secure profits by increasing sales. Competition in the market is made by price, quality, product differentiation, elasticity (ability to cope with change) and procurement period. To compete effectively, companies need to understand the market and have enough time to explore and respond to competitors strategy. I am going to discuss what is wrong with the production and service systems of Tesla. I want to find a solution. Specially, Tesla is a company that produces automobiles. Production car is a typical industries that rely on large factory and modern production equipment, granular division of labor, a large-scale homogenization of the labor force. Therefore, it is necessary to cooperate and harmonize with each other in the processes, and smooth flow of production activities and organic combination are absolutely important. When I read this article, I thought it was the biggest problem of Tesla. Tesla has the capacity to build 500,000 vehicles a year at its Fremont, CA plant. But last year it barely managed to build 50,000. This year, it will probably struggle to build 80-90,000. Meanwhile, it has reservations of 375,000 for its forthcoming Model 3 mass-market car, which was unveiled earlier this year and should arrive by 2017. (file:///C:/Users/park/Downloads/Assignment%201-Operations%20management%20.pdf, 2017) The biggest problem with Tesla, why is it not natural for the company to create cars? Tesla is built a new factory to improve manufacturing capacity, but the production of existing plants is not functioning properly. The bigger problem here is that there is no system to properly manage this.Through this article, Tesla knows that the production is not working properly.This is a major drawback to growing up. To succeed in the success of new factory, must overcome factory problems. ÂÂ  In my opinion, the problem is the production management system that can be carried out according to plan. The problem seems to have failed and the feedback has not been answered. I think this problem arises because all the resources (manpower, equipment, materials) in the production process are inoperable. As a result, Tesla is showing this result because it is inconsistent with the input, process, output, and feedback of the production systems. Tesla has invested a huge amount of its budget on creating more industries and infrastructures. However, it is not right to start a new thing without solving the existing problems. In the end, many more losses are left behind. Secondly, Tesla should pay attention to the service. Because they were lack sufficient services to products. The service system shall be configured so that customers can easily understand the various processes through various processes. In order to increase competitiveness, Tesla should keep the service and the process in its highest state. Must develop and develop continuously in production and service system. These developments should be accompanied by staff and customers. In conclusion, we will develop products that are practical and competitive by developing products and operating systems through various studies. This operation is helpful to the development of the company. And it will be a high satisfaction company. In closing, through this project, I am learned more about production and service. A production system is not simply a system of designing and generating systems, but a system that manages and manages planning, service projects, feedback and everything according to plan. And I also felt the importance of the service system. By researching and designing products, they can create a business model, show employees and customers, and make sure that they are able to produce high-quality, profitable products through their feedback. Competitive advantage in global competition depends on the ability to provide high quality products or services at reasonable prices. In addition, faster delivery, faster introduction of new products and new services are becoming important factors in securing competitive advantage over competing companies. Technological changes also enable the production of new products or services and affect production processes. As computer and information technology evolve, new opportunities arise. If I continue to study business and become a manager or manager of a company, I think this information will surely help. Question 3 To connect all the efficiency and profitability in order to maximize the leverage of the organization and shall operate coherently. If theres a problem with the company, theres some sort of operational leverage. Operating leverage operates in a system that complements systems in various enterprises. These businesses have well-defined strategies for the future. Operating strategy ensures that business units compete with competitive advantage over time to support the desired operational structure, infrastructure, and specific set of features it consists of a decision pattern that allows you to achieve it.And also, depending on the changing needs of the business, it can be reflected. These operations should be higher stability and potential. Also, in harmony with all other elements it must work efficiently. Operational strategies have to choose the best way to achieve the objectives and operation. The change in the operating profits is in the reasonable leverage of the company. I am goi ng to discuss what Ryanairs operating lever problems are and write about solutions. The problem with Ryanair, which can be seen through this article, is that it does not care about customers. Because the company offers to already cheap price on airline tickets, they do not have to care customers. But they are missing this part. As a result, the production capacity of the company is gradually lowered affect the profit of the enterprise. The problem of constant customer management leads to companies that customers do not seek despite cheap price. Therefore, Ryanair should be first improved customer satisfaction. If so, the profit of the enterprise comes naturally. As a result, the companys production capacity is gradually lowered, affecting the profit of the enterprise. What does they need any solution for customer care improvement? First, by default there are four key elements. 1. Cost structure While businesses are used to identifying areas of high cost, it is equally important to examine the structure of the cost base (balance between fixed and variable, labour vs IT, operations vs corporate overhead, etc.) and trends in this structure over time. The focus on operations functions tends to be because it is easier to measure their productivity or value. Support and corporate functions are harder to measure precisely because they are essentially knowledge based functions. The key is to develop an appropriate metric for the value that they bring and the investment that is required. 2. Organisation of work Organisational restructuring is an important tool to realign the business with a new strategic direction or to improve productivity. Further analysis is necessary to determine the optimum configuration of teams (skills and responsibilities) and allocation of work (steps in a process). For example, a team may work more efficiently and provide better customer service if they complete the entire process for a particular customer. Alternatively, developing expertise in a particular part of the process may result in greater productivity and better service to customers. Your teams are the experts in what works and doesnt work. Encourage them through a formal process and rewards to maintain a focus on this aspect of business productivity. 3. Business processes This lever continues to be used effectively by businesses and more rigorous approaches such as Six Sigma have gained new currency in recent years. However, with the increased availability of off the shelf technology solutions and enabling technology such as middleware and workflow, the challenge for business is how to maximise the value-add from knowledge based activities as distinct from automation of more standardised, repeatable activities. This requires new ways of thinking regarding process, skills development and training of staff in order to achieve productivity improvement across the business. 4. Knowledge managementWe have referred to knowledge management several times. This is a discipline and a process which is much talked about but often relegated to the realms of information management which in some businesses is viewed as a step above records management. Every business now operates in a global, knowledge based economy. The lever to manipulate for improved performance is the ability to make knowledge an active ingredient in day to day operations. A current example is product life cycle management software. This software not only captures knowledge at every stage of a process for reuse but brings diverse functions together, e.g. Marketing and Engineering, to share information in a common format. Not only does this result in a better product but it also delivers productivity improvement in the process. (Doman Vaughan, 2017) Ryanairs operations manager must first understand the basic elements above. Then we need to educate our employees and develop the system. Efficient and accurate operating system causes an ongoing relationship with customers. In order to improve the productivity of the company it requires the efforts of many officers and staff. They are constantly getting new education must work to improve the operating system. Particularly the operating manager must develop better program based on the knowledge to improve production. However, this requires a rational business after identifying the organization and cost-based structure of the enterprise. In order to improve customer satisfaction, it is essential to provide employees with products that can meet customer expectations, effectively handle customer complaints, and improve employees welfare and sense of unity. Finally customer satisfaction is just the quality of the products but also products with inherent to the product throughout the entire process, including planning, design, design, production, after-sales service of the product corporate culture image, providing a corporate philosophy to customers and consumers satisfaction to We must meet customer expectations more than ever, so customers should be able to increase their repurchase rates and maintain their preference. If Ryanair understands and operates this lever, naturally, customer satisfaction is ensured up a fixed hierarchy. In other words, customer satisfaction management is a management method that seeks to secure long-term and continuous stable profit base that is unaffected by market changes by taking customer satisfaction as the ultimate management goal, deviating from the previous management goal of increasing market share and cost reduction. (Knowledge Encyclopedia, 2017) References Doman Vaughan. (2017, 03 14). Five key levers to productivity improvement . Retrieved from Doman Vaughan: http://domanvaughan.com/productivity-improvement.html file:///C:/Users/park/Downloads/Assignment%201-Operations%20management%20.pdf. (2017, 03 12). Case: The Hubris Effect? p. 4/7. Knowledge Encyclopedia. (2017, 03 14). Customer Satisfaction Management. Retrieved from Knowledge Encyclopedia: http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=463902cid=42109categoryId=42109 Philosophy, C. (2017, 03 06). Retrieved from Corporate Philosophy: http://flyasiana.com/CW/ko/common/pageContent.do?pageId=PC_0590 philosophy, M. (2017, 03 05). Management philosophy. Retrieved from KOREANAIR: https://kr.koreanair.com/korea/ko/about/who-we-are2.html programs, V. e. (2017, 03 06). Various educational programs. Retrieved from https://kr.koreanair.com/korea/ko/about/who-we-are2.html System, C. o. (2017, 03 06). Classification of Manufacturing (Production) System. Retrieved from http://www.mbanetbook.co.in/2010/05/pom-types-or-classification-of.html systems, P. (2017, 03 06). Production systems. Retrieved from Production systems: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/resistantmaterials/processystemsrev1.shtml VISION, H. (2017, 03 11). HR VISION. Retrieved from Aisana Airlines: https://recruit.flyasiana.com/ web-books. (n.d.). 11.1. Operations Management in Manufacturing. Retrieved 2 27, 2017, from web-books: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B66/091MB66.htm

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: An Essay :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

For the women in the twentieth century today, who have more freedom than before and have not experienced the depressive life that Gilman lived from 1860 to 1935, it is difficult to understand Gilman's situation and understand the significance of "The Yellow Wallpaper". Gilman's original purpose of writing the story was to gain personal satisfaction if Dr. S. Weir Mitchell might change his treatment after reading the story. However, as Ann L. Jane suggests, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is "the best crafted of her fiction: a genuine literary piece...the most directly, obviously, self-consciously autobiographical of all her stories" (Introduction xvi). And more importantly, Gilman says in her article in The Forerunner, "It was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy, and it worked" (20). Therefore, "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a revelation of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's own emotions. When the story first came out in 1892 the critics considered "The Yellow Wa llpaper" as a portrayal of female insanity rather than a story that reveals an aspect of society. In The Transcript, a physician from Boston wrote, "Such a story ought not to be written...it was enough to drive anyone mad to read it" (Gilman 19). This statement implies that any woman that would write something to show opposition to the dominant social values must have been insane. In Gilman's time setting "The ideal woman was not only assigned a social role that locked her into her home, but she was also expected to like it, to be cheerful and gay, smiling and good humored" (Lane, To Herland 109). Those women who rejected this role and pursued intellectual enlightenment and freedom would be scoffed, alienated, and even punished. This is exactly what Gilman experienced when she tried to express her desire for independence. Gilman expressed her emotional and psychological feelings of rejection from society for thinking freely in "The Yellow Wallpaper", which is a reaction to the fact that it was against the grain of society for women to pursue intellectual freedom or a career in the late 1800's. Her taking Dr. S. Weir Mitchell's "rest cure" was the result of the pressures of these prevalent social values. Charlotte Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut in a family boasting a list of revolutionary thinkers, writers. And intermarriages among them were, as Carol Berkin put it, "in discrete confirmation of their pride in association" (18).

New World slave societies Essay

Coercion and abuse experienced by enslaved people in New World slave societies have tended to focus on violence. This is how it should be because experiencing or witnessing violence was indeed an everyday part of life for slaves. Violence inflicted by slave holders on enslaved people did not take place in a vacuum. It was also meet with and often proceeded by abusive words. Yet while debates around negotiation, slave resistance and paternalism focus in detail on the cultural and discursive context of these relationships, discussions of violence tend to home in on their purely physical aspects. I will be discussing the context of violence in a society undergoing the transition from slavery to a post slave society in the West Indies. Abusive language was sometimes used in place of physical punishment and served as a substitute for personal violence in situations where physical punishment was not allowed. A period known as the apprenticeship period in Jamaica, 1834-38 slaveholders lost the legal right to directly punish their un-free workers so instead used abusive language. But fear is fear whether it is felt physically or verbally the threat was still present. The people of the West Indies today are mainly of African decent. Important minorities are East Indians, mainly Trinidad, Chinese and Europeans of British, French, Spanish, Dutch and Portuguese. There are also many people of mixed blood and racial and cultural mixtures that makes the West Indies one of the more cosmopolitan areas of the world. The most important industry in the past and in the present day is the growing of sugar cane. Other crops include citrus fruit, bananas, spices, coca, coffee, tobacco and coconuts. All of these are agricultural and very labor intensive. The British colonialization of the West Indies brought slavery into the social context. Toussaint L’ouverture led a successful revolt in Haiti. The efforts of Englishmen like William Wilberforce helped bring an end to the slave trade to the New World and eventually led to the emancipation of slaves in British colonies. When European countries began their overseas explorations and colonization in the 15th century, the institution of slavery experienced a revolution. The discovery of the West Indies opened a new era. In every colony prosperity depended upon the production of some article which could be profitably exported, such as coffee, sugar and indigo. These crops called for large scale operations and cheap labor. Wage laborers were not available and it was necessary to resort to some type of compulsion to secure workers. The Indian appeared to be the obvious answer, utilized the institutions of tributary labor and repartimiento, the granting of land along with the Indians living on it. The Indians proved unsuitable for forced labor. They died off rapidly under oppression and even resorted to mass suicide and infanticide. Their number declined to the point of extinction. The Europeans turned to the African as a solution to their labor problems. The African was not unknown to Europeans prior to the 15th century, but there were very few Africans in Europe. The Portuguese exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa brought back two African slaves and subsequent expeditions resulted in the purchase or capture of other slaves. At this time Portugal faced a manpower shortage and African slaves proved to be the solution to its problems. By 1460, 700 to 800 were being imported annually. Spain soon followed the example of Portugal and adopted the importation of African slaves. It was not surprising that the colonists in the New World should have thought of the African slave when they needed labor.

Counseling Ethics Essay

Ethics are based on philosophical principles and these guidelines assist a practitioner in making the best possible decisions for the welfare of the clients and the practitioner himself. Ethics are normative or critical in nature and concern human conduct and moral decision. Morality describes decision making and judgement by an individual concerning an incident or human behaviour. This is greatly influenced by the values he or she has acquired or formed as a result of external influence or indoctrination. Value is an enduring belief that a specific that a specific end-state of conduct is desirable (McLeod, 1998). Terminal and instrumental values are two types of values where the former refer to the desired end-state of existence, for example wisdom and the later refer to the mode of conduct that leads to it, for example broad-mindedness .Values then influence and determine the decisions we choose to make in our daily lives. In providing an effective, therapeutic therapy, a practitioner helping a client encountering dilemma in decision- making may adopt the eight – step model approach to think through the ethical problems (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). The steps of the model are described as follows: Step 1- Identify the problem or dilemma. In the first step the existence of the problem must be recognised. The nature of the problem has to be ascertained. Identify if it is an ethical, legal, moral, professional or clinical problem. The practitioner’s and the client’s insights regarding the problem must be examined. Consultation with the client can begin at this stage as problems are being identified. Looking at the problem from different perspectives is useful as most ethical dilemmas are complex. Step 2 – Identify the potential issues involved. From the collected information, irrelevant ones must be discarded. The critical issues must be noted and described. The welfare of those involved; their rights and responsibilities must be evaluated. Ethical principles relevant to the problem must be identified and examined with the client. In doing so the moral principles namely, autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice and fidelity must be considered and applied to the  situation. The safety and welfare of the client and practitioner cannot be compromised while potential issues are being sorted out. Step 3- Review the relevant ethics codes. The practitioner must seek guidance that can be found from the professional codes of ethics. They provide a basis for accountability, and through their enforcement, provide protection for clients from unethical practices (Corey, 1997). Practitioner must also examine the agreeability of his values with the relevant codes. Should they be in conflict, he must have a rationale to support his stance. It is essential to consider congruency of these values and ethics with those of the client’s. The practitioner must ensure clarity of the ethical codes and if they are applicable with the state laws of the region. Step 4- Know the applicable laws and regulations. The practitioner should be up to date with the specific and relevant laws that apply to the ethical issue. This is particularly critical in situations which deal with keeping or breaching of confidentiality, reporting of child or elder abuse, record keeping, assessment, diagnosis, issues pertaining to dangers to self or others and the grounds of malpractice. Step 5- Obtain consultation. Consulting with colleagues to obtain different perspectives on the problems is generally considered to be helpful. Seeking legal counsel for legal questions is prudent along with consulting a person with an expertise in an unfamiliar culture to serve a client from that culture. In addition the practitioner must understand current rules and regulations of the agency or organization that he or she is working for. It is wise for the nature of the consultation and suggestions provided to be documented. These records would illustrate the practitioner’s attempt to adhere to the community’s standard practice. Step 6- Consider possible and probable courses of action. At this point a list of a variety of courses of action may be identified  through brainstorming. The practitioner could discuss with the client as well as other professionals the available options. The possibilities could be identified for probable courses of actions and these should be documented. Step 7- Enumerate the consequences of various decisions. From the various possible courses of actions, implications of each course must be examined. The questions of who will be affected and to what extent will the client’s decision to pursue the actions affect them must be carefully examined. Again using the fundamental moral principles as a framework, the client must collaborate with the practitioner to ascertain the probable outcomes and consequences. If new ethical issues arise from the selected course of action, a re-evaluation of the action must be pursued. Step 8- Decide on what appears to be the best course of action. Careful consideration of all information received from different sources deliberately and with sensitivity to cross cultural issues is critical before making the best decision. Once making the decision, informing the supervisor, implementing and documenting the decision follows. Reflecting on the experience considering any follow up action could result in finding a solution for the client. While the procedural steps may help in resolving ethical matters, some implications may be noted. Firstly, the client enters a collaborative relationship with the practitioner. The implication is that the client with the practitioner’s help must draw out the details of the problem. This implicates that the client should refrain from coveting relevant information to enable an accurate analysis of the issue. This is to ascertain the true nature of the problem whether it is an ethical, legal, moral, professional, or clinical one. The different perspectives of the problem must be explored. What are the insights the client and practitioner have regarding the problem? (Corey et al., 2007). Failing which the consequence is an unnecessary delay in resolving the problem as there will be an inaccurate analysis of the situation. Secondly, in identifying the potential issues, all the persons involved in the problem must be identified. The implication of failing to identify any one individual who may be affected by the decision of the client would be unethical. The welfare, rights and responsibilities of those affected by the decision might create a different set of problems. The decision would then have to be reversed and a new course of action would have to be pursued. It is to therefore necessary to explore to what extent the course of the action will affect the client and the others (Corey et al., 2007). Next the values and ethics of the client and the practitioner must be evaluated and the degree of congruency noted. This implicates that the relevant ethical principles that are identified to the problem should not be in conflict with those of the client and the practitioner. If there are disagreements, then they must be supported with a rationale. If necessary, guidance must be sought from the relevant organization to clarify the professional codes to the particular problem. Otherwise consequently, the client’s decision may violate the ethical codes relevant to the issue. The client must be informed of the relevant and most recent laws or regulations that apply to the situation. He must look out for any law or regulations that have a bearing on the situation. The implication of his ignorance is that he may run into problems with the law. The practitioner too must abide by the rules, regulations and policies of the workplace. When in doubt practitioner must seek professional advice. The client must be informed of legal issues related to confidentiality, abuse of the vulnerable, record keeping and grounds for malpractice. If the practitioner discovers a criminal act by a client for example, sex with an under-aged girl he has the moral responsibility to report him. The practitioner has the ethical responsibility to discuss with the client on the implications of his actions before reporting the incident. The client must understand the implications of his actions that violate the law. The fundamental moral principles may be considered as framework for evaluating the consequences of the given course of action. The client must  decide the principles that apply to the situation specifically and prioritise them. By thinking through these ethical principles, professional can better evaluate their options in such complex situations. Prioritising the principles can help the client and practitioner to work through the steps of the decision-making model (Elizabeth, 2010). There are implications however when prioritizing one over another. The practitioner encourages the client to exercise autonomy i.e. making a free choice. In doing so, the client must have the concept of doing no harm or non-maleficence and acting in justice (Elizabeth, 2010). Conflict can arise when subscribing to justice which may result in the necessity of treating an individual differently. Though not easy to apply equal weightage to all the principles, it will help to explore an ethical dilemma and resolve it with the least damage to the welfare of those affected. The model may be useful when clients seek help in making decisions in their life regarding relationship issues. A client may be caught in a loveless marriage and be involved in an extra-marital affair and seek advice to take the next step in his life. The dilemma of whether to dissolve his marriage and move on with his life or stay in the marriage to fulfil his duties towards his wife and children is one that needs careful consideration. A divorce would mean breaking up of his family and causing a disruption in the relationship with his children. Staying in the marriage would mean the sacrifice of his love life. Analysing his situation using the model can shed light to clarify the implications of his actions and weigh the consequences. The model may help clients to make decisions at their place of work regarding conflicting work practices. An office worker may be tormented by the wrong practices of her fellow colleagues. She may be facing a dilemma as to whether to report her colleagues to the management or turn a blind eye to the situation. The model can help the client to analyse the situation and evaluate her moral values. She would then be able to make an ethical decision that would do least harm to those involved in the situation. In conclusion, the eight – step model can be a useful tool in helping a practitioner to guide clients to make sound decisions that do not have  conflict with their ethics and are aligned with the laws and regulations of the region. In doing so the practitioner must ensure that he or she is operating in the best interest of the clients.

French Revolution2 essays

French Revolution2 essays The statement citing the essential cause of the French Revolution as the "collision between a powerful, rising bourgeoisie and an entrenched aristocracy defending it's privileges" has great pertinence in summarizing the conflict of 1789. The causes of the French Revolution, being provoked by this collision of powers, was the Financial debt of the government and the long-standing political differences in the government. Over the course of twenty-five years after the Seven Years' War, the government of Francethe Bourgeoisie royalty, could not manage it's finances on a sound basis. This was worsened when France aided the American Revolution against Great Britain. The Government had reached great financial debt. The problem lied and continued because of the government's inability to tap the wealth of the French nation by taxation. There was a great paradox in France being a rich nation with a government in poverty. The deteriorating finances of the government is what triggered the prolonged differences between the Bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. The political differences between the monarchy and the nobles came about after the Seven Years' war also. The increasing debt of the government escalated the hope for the monarchy to resume a "absolute power" status as it did with Louis XIV. However this could not be accomplished because of the doubt that the public had towards the present kings Louis XV and Louis XVI, and the public could not be swayed to help. The only result of the attempts for absolutism by the monarchy were a series of new and increase taxes on the nobles. The aristocracy immediately reacted to these taxes as declaring them unfair and would not accept them. Louis XV began with a series of Financial advisors chancellors which all had the intention of saving the monarchy from financial ruin. They made many attempts at ...

The Life of William Golding †English Essay

The Life of William Golding – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Life of William Golding English Essay Golding enrolled in World War II, as a part of the Royal Navy, in 1940, just after marrying Ann Brookfield. He started as just a sailor, but later decided to become an officer. While taking his exam to become one, he was asked a question about landmines and responded elaborately and in such detail that he was almost instantly promoted and sent to a secret research center. He liked this study and analysis until an accident when he â€Å"blew himself up.† Resigning from this work, he was sent instead to Scotland and a mine-sweeper school and then transferred again to New York and waited while a mine-sweeper was built for six months. When he finally returned, the mine-sweepers were no longer needed so he was put in charge of a rocket-launching craft in time for the 1944 invasion. Once during the invasion, he was ordered to travel through a narrow channel which could have easily resulted in destruction and many deaths to his crew. His orders were changed, however, before he could embark on this dangerous task and the members of his crew criticized him for his obvious disappointment at missing this opportunity. His crew, obviously, was not disappointed for not having to risk their lives in th e war. (Gindin) The effects of the war on Golding were serious, crucial, and had an impact on the rest of his life. He recognized the fact that â€Å"in the past he had been naà ¯ve and adolescent, that the war had demonstrated all the horrendous cruelties of which man was capable.† (Gindin, 4). It was several years after World War II that Golding’s views were finally revealed to the public. His novel, Lord of the Flies, was rejected by 21 publishers before becoming available for the people. The Coral Island, written by R.M. Ballantyne, served as one of Golding’s main sources when writing his book Lord of the Flies. The two novels essential views openly contradict each other. Golding takes a pessimistic standpoint on society, where as Ballantyne’s perspective is much more optimistic, action-packed, and upbeat. The Coral Island is a story of three boys shipwrecked on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Ralph Rover the narrator, Jack, and Peterkin create a peaceful, serene society despite the violent environment around them. Battling typhoons, wild pigs, and unfriendly visitors, the boys still manage to create an enjoyable surrounding from the few supplies they are left with, and create fire by rubbing two sticks together. The boys build a boat together and sail to nearby islands, and though they get in several disagreements and fights with the neighboring tribes they eventually return to civilization wiser and more mature. (http://selfknowledge.com/coril1 0.htm) The bright and cheerful mood of The Coral Island is not replicated in Golding’s novel. Golding, after being deeply affected by his war experiences, disagreed with the overall idea of Ballantyne’s book. Golding believed that man was inherently evil, and this is portrayed in Lord of the Flies. Despite the contradicting theses, however, there are several obvious parallels from Ballantyne’s novel to Golding’s. The character names, for example, could not have been a coincidence. The main characters in Lord of the Flies are named Ralph, Jack, Simon, and Piggy, similar to the protagonists in The Coral Island. The setting of both novels is a remote island, and the appearance of an officer during the falling action of the plot occurs in both Golding’s and Ballantyne’s books. Golding includes these parallels to emphasize his disagreement. Man is evil by nature, and would not prosper if removed from a civilized society but rather would digress t o a primitive state. Research Papers on The Life of William Golding - English EssayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Applying Learning Theory in the Classroom

Applying Learning Theory in the Classroom The two main influential learning approaches are the behaviourist and the cognitive approach to learning theories. This report critically evaluates how learning theories are applied in the 14-19 Applied Science classroom. It examines how behaviourism, although an outdated theory, is still relevant in the modern classroom and is still used in developing the rewards and sanctions policies of the modern school. The impact of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is evaluated and what possible difficulties might arise if they were applied exactly as Piaget dictated. The impact of adhering rigorously to Piaget maturational stages is criticised and how it might not be possible to adhere to set ages for progression in a school. Kolb, Vygotsky and Bruner’s constructivist approaches are compared and shown that, when applied to a motivated class they work as they were originally intended and yet when applied to a more disaffected class, they aren’t as easily applied. T he science classroom is an inherently dangerous place for students to work in (Frost, Turner, 2005, p.168). It is therefore necessary to instil a level of ‘discipline’ in the students, to ensure they minimize the dangers to themselves and others in the science classroom. It is necessary to ‘condition’ (Child, 1997, pp.114-121)the students to behave when certain commands are issued. Behaviour theorists believed that the mind was a blank slate ‘tabula rasa’ and that we could observe the response to stimulus that happened to an organism. Watson thought that a response is more likely to be connected to an environmental event (stimulus), if that stimulus-response is repeated regularly and with a short period of time between them (Child, 1997, p.115). Thorndike showed that the student is less likely to repeat negative stimulus-responses, which therefore means that there will be an increase in the positive stimulus-responses, until a correct response is repeated regularly. The stimulus-response is then reinforced whenever a positive result is produced (Child, 1997, pp.114-121). Skinner made several conclusions from his findings in Operant Conditioning (Child, 1997, pp.119-121). The steps taken in the conditioning process must be small. Regular rewards are required at the early stages, but once the conditioning is reflexive, rewards can be given less regularly. The rewards must come immediately or shortly after a positive response to ensure maximum effectiveness (feedback) (Child, 1997, pp.114-121) When discussing learning theories, it’s necessary to mention Pavlov due to the importance held in his work, even if it doesn’t really directly affect the classroom. Pavlov pioneered the idea of classical conditioning with his famous experiment where he taught dogs to salivate, when a stimulus was applied, just before food was given to them. The dogs eventually associated the ringing of the bell with the arrival of food an d salivated in anticipation of the food arriving (Child, 1997, pp.116-118). Pavlov’s work does not directly link to teaching in the classroom, but it does apply, in that the students may be conditioned, to have a memory or a response to an event that happens within the classroom environment.

Business report of Zee company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business report of Zee company - Essay Example Zee Co. should also critically analyze the provisions of the purchase as stipulated by the English Dairy company. For instance, in the analysis report given to the Zee Company, it is clearly stated that the purchase of the company could be financed by two options; sales and lease back (1.4 million pounds head office) or by the bank loan that the merchant bank consented to provide upon agreement with the Zee company. The bank proceeded by giving their terms and conditions regarding the loan as 4% of the total purchase price and an additional 4,000 pounds for the arrangement fee. These information is suppose to help Zee company to brainstorm and come up with a sound decision which is financially a plausible in their attempt to make the purchase. Question 2 a The accounting ratios that were given by the English Dairy Company could be misleading because the ratios were calculated on the assumptions that favored the financial position of the English Dairy Company. ... The financial ratios given by the English Dairy Company could also be misleading in that the aspects of stockpile of the finished goods were not stated and if was stated then were quoted as sales. This gave a very impressive picture of the company’s performance which was fictitious. The key fundamentals involved in the calculations were hidden and this resonated by impressing Zee Company who by the time of purchase believed the report of the English Dairy Company as a honest financial position of the business. In regard of all these, Zee company was vulnerable for deception on grounds that not all the material facts were given to reflect and inform the buyer company to make choices that were sound. Question 2 b The published company’s accounts are entirely dependant on the good will of the company responsibility to report honest financial position of the business. Just because businesses clearly knows that it is the financial reports that are used to gauge the performan ce of the companies, they are always bound to fix figures regarding the business in order to create the feeling that the business is performing favorably. In most cases this may not be the case more so if the business is currently shopping for investors, loan or in the process of floating their shares. The financial reports of the businesses are normally corrected to suit the agenda that is moved by the company as at the time the report is required. In some other stretch, the financial reports of the companies are altered in the elaborate plan to evade tax payments. The need to relay the actual business position with regard to its finances has become an issue as business have been under legal obligation to

Adopting Lean Manufacturing System and Six Sigma Quality System Dissertation

Adopting Lean Manufacturing System and Six Sigma Quality System - Dissertation Example This dissertation demonstrate that management systems are very important to any company as it enables a firm to get better the quality of service and performance delivered. Continuous development programs go through constant adaptation and modification, which is dependent on the need to improve a firm's overall performance. A variety of methodologies and techniques have been initiated, most of which are usually used in private organizations. Such processes can be properly handled through the help of methodical systems or approaches that are considered to progress a company's processes. Two of the most popular and high-effective approaches are the Lean Manufacturing System and the Six Sigma Quality Management System. Both can actually be applied at the same instance, though implementing these methodologies entail a series of modifications that can be difficult for a company. Lean Six Sigma is a combination of Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma Productions. These two well-known approaches have been extensively used separately by several companies, but the integration of both present few published literature. ‘Adopting Lean Manufacturing System and Six Sigma Quality System’ has been conducted to analyze and evaluate the definition and implementation of Lean and Six Sigma in a manufacturing company. In evaluating both methods, the author demonstrate that Lean and Six Sigma have its similarities and differences, though the objective for both systems is to improve a firm's quality and performance rate. ... Continuous development projects and practices would generate a higher degree of success rate through Lean's waste reduction principle and Six Sigma's defects elimination principle. Glossary DMADV - A Six Sigma process that involves the following elements: Define, Measure, Analyse, Design, and Verify. DMAIC - A Six Sigma process that involves the following elements: Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, and Control. Flow - The sequential processes of an operation within a firm. Lean - A quality management system that focuses on the elimination of waste to increase value for continuous development. Sigma units - Measurement units or metrics that are used to assess quality and performance. Six Sigma - A strategic management system that evaluates and monitors sigma measurement units to reduce variation and attain company objectives through Six Sigma methodologies applicable to the conditions. Value - A product or service that customers purchase. Waste - Variables in the organization process es that increases the costs spent by the company that does not generate value. 1. Research Question â€Å"Recent high profile failures such as Toyota’s Brake fiasco have highlighted the need for more robust quality management systems and improved production tools in large organisations. From the perspective of an operations manager in a large manufacturing firm, present a case to the board of directors for adoption of Lean Production Systems and 6 Sigma Quality Management System.† 1.1. Project Aim This research aims to critically evaluate and present a business case for implementing Lean Production and Six Sigma systems into an organisation. 1.2. Project Objectives A. To critically evaluate the Lean Production and Six Sigma Quality

Relate the quotation selected to the theories of tourism and impacts Research Paper

Relate the quotation selected to the theories of tourism and impacts and sustainability - Research Paper Example While this along with other such regions around the world are quickly becoming the must-watch hot spots of wetland destinations, it is essential to see how far the tourism industry is thriving on both improving the economy and protecting the marshes by sustainable maintenance. Since wetlands provide essential services such as water, food and energy, the indigenous people will have an urge to protect the swamp, mostly as part of their own tradition and culture (Chang 2010, p. 190). At the same time, tourism industry is interconnected with social, economical and environmental factors of the community. On the whole, tourism has the capacity to generate jobs and related businesses. Thus development in tourism needs to be sustainable, so that a) the viability of enterprises and activities can be maintained for a long term on the economic front, b) a greater respect for human rights, that is recognised with an impartial allotment of benefits to eradicate poverty, could be gained on the soc ial front and c) conserving and managing of resources, biological diversity and natural heritage become priority on the environmental front. As a matter of fact, sustainable tourism would promote a desire in the masses to enjoy green tourism, for example, conducting a series of elite interviews on why tourism is booming in Cuba, Jayawardene (2002. p 57) found that â€Å"the government’s focus on and attention to sustainable tourism development† was the main reason for the tourism flourishing in Cuba. It shows that tourist preferences are increasingly influenced by sustainability concerns; that is why, according to Taleb Rifai (Secretary General World Tourism Organisation), â€Å"today, ecotourism, nature, cultural adventure, rural and community tourism are taking the lead in the tourism markets and are predicted to continue growing more rapidly than traditional tourism products. Wetlands tourism is therefore uniquely placed in the evolving scenario of green tourismâ⠂¬  (2012). Considering the growing popularity of greener destinations, there is an urgent need of sustainability in wetland tourism management. The planning of policies and awareness rising on this issue needs to be focused on the potential value of the wetland tourism with regards to the economic benefit it can bring into the indigenous society. The study of the Fatt’an wetlands in Taiwan concludes by stating that awareness of the local people is the key to the success of any sustainable management program (Chang 2010 pp 198). However, many wetland examples around the world would reveal the risks and consequences of having unsustainable management in wetland tourism. Many countries have introduced wetland tourism policies, but they have not set sustainable strategies adequately recognising the role of wetlands. Hence, some of the African countries including Kenya, Namibia and so on were not able to yield the fruit of wetland tourism (Earth Watch). Similarly, the negative e ventualities resulting from unsustainable management of wetland might include the deterioration of the ecosystem due to various activities, which may also negatively affect the tranquillity of the wetland species

Communcation ethics and society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communcation ethics and society - Assignment Example Despite being the newspaper’s employee, â€Å"her opinions are her own† (Sullivan, â€Å"About the Public Editor†). If the position serves its true purpose, the results and effects of having a public editor is toward ensuring journalistic credibility and integrity. It also gives the newspaper a more positive reputation in the eyes of the readers. A journalist’s ethics greatly affect the newspaper and its readers because the ethical standards are what guarantee accuracy, fairness, and clarity in journalism. Q1: In the diffusion of innovation theory, can it be assumed that information that the masses receive are already fated from the beginning (Fuchs 13), thus leaving the masses with no choice regarding what is presented to them? Q2: According to the media information utility theory, people in urban locations turn to various forms of media for information (Fuchs 16). With the influx of social networking sites providing vast amounts of information to people (Fuchs 18), how can newspapers guarantee that they are not swayed by the want and need to provide â€Å"breaking news† (that proliferate in such sites) in order to

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Writer's choice - Essay Example The Confederate flag has been the backbone of white supremacist associations, from the Ku Klux Klan to the skinheads (Aron, 2013). They did not proper Confederate battle flag because it is pretty. They picked it because it was the flag of a nation dedicated to their ideals: that the blacks are less equal to the white man. Some people say it represents heritage, not hate. In South Carolina, the Confederate battle flag was raised over the state house on April 11th; 1961.The state Senate passed a bill in South Carolina to expel the Confederate flag from the highest point of the state house vault by a majority vote on April 12, 2000. Following the 2015 Charleston church shooting, many commentators questioned the continued display of the flag at the memorial on the Statehouse grounds (Entman&Rojecki, 2001). The flag later removed which led to many debates with some people, specifically the whites, claiming that the Confederate flag did not have anything to do with the church shooting. How ever, before the removal of the flag, there were rallies promoting the South Carolina’s governor to remove the flag. To the blacks, the shooting was racially motivated, and the shooter had a photo pausing while carrying the Confederate flag. Wednesdays racially propelled slaughter of nine African-Americans at Emanuel AME Church in downtown Charleston has reignited the civil argument over flying the dissident flag at the Statehouse (Williams, 2000). Photographs of Dylan Roof, the admitted shooter, reveal him wearing politically-sanctioned racial segregation images and leaning toward a car with an ornamental license plate bearing tribute to the Confederate States (Entman &Rojecki, 2001).The shooter said that the races should be segregated, that whites should be with whites. It comes from the colonial history of America that the whites are more superior to the blacks. He is pegging his

Relate the quotation selected to the theories of tourism and impacts Research Paper

Relate the quotation selected to the theories of tourism and impacts and sustainability - Research Paper Example While this along with other such regions around the world are quickly becoming the must-watch hot spots of wetland destinations, it is essential to see how far the tourism industry is thriving on both improving the economy and protecting the marshes by sustainable maintenance. Since wetlands provide essential services such as water, food and energy, the indigenous people will have an urge to protect the swamp, mostly as part of their own tradition and culture (Chang 2010, p. 190). At the same time, tourism industry is interconnected with social, economical and environmental factors of the community. On the whole, tourism has the capacity to generate jobs and related businesses. Thus development in tourism needs to be sustainable, so that a) the viability of enterprises and activities can be maintained for a long term on the economic front, b) a greater respect for human rights, that is recognised with an impartial allotment of benefits to eradicate poverty, could be gained on the soc ial front and c) conserving and managing of resources, biological diversity and natural heritage become priority on the environmental front. As a matter of fact, sustainable tourism would promote a desire in the masses to enjoy green tourism, for example, conducting a series of elite interviews on why tourism is booming in Cuba, Jayawardene (2002. p 57) found that â€Å"the government’s focus on and attention to sustainable tourism development† was the main reason for the tourism flourishing in Cuba. It shows that tourist preferences are increasingly influenced by sustainability concerns; that is why, according to Taleb Rifai (Secretary General World Tourism Organisation), â€Å"today, ecotourism, nature, cultural adventure, rural and community tourism are taking the lead in the tourism markets and are predicted to continue growing more rapidly than traditional tourism products. Wetlands tourism is therefore uniquely placed in the evolving scenario of green tourismâ⠂¬  (2012). Considering the growing popularity of greener destinations, there is an urgent need of sustainability in wetland tourism management. The planning of policies and awareness rising on this issue needs to be focused on the potential value of the wetland tourism with regards to the economic benefit it can bring into the indigenous society. The study of the Fatt’an wetlands in Taiwan concludes by stating that awareness of the local people is the key to the success of any sustainable management program (Chang 2010 pp 198). However, many wetland examples around the world would reveal the risks and consequences of having unsustainable management in wetland tourism. Many countries have introduced wetland tourism policies, but they have not set sustainable strategies adequately recognising the role of wetlands. Hence, some of the African countries including Kenya, Namibia and so on were not able to yield the fruit of wetland tourism (Earth Watch). Similarly, the negative e ventualities resulting from unsustainable management of wetland might include the deterioration of the ecosystem due to various activities, which may also negatively affect the tranquillity of the wetland species

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 16

Writer's choice - Essay Example The Confederate flag has been the backbone of white supremacist associations, from the Ku Klux Klan to the skinheads (Aron, 2013). They did not proper Confederate battle flag because it is pretty. They picked it because it was the flag of a nation dedicated to their ideals: that the blacks are less equal to the white man. Some people say it represents heritage, not hate. In South Carolina, the Confederate battle flag was raised over the state house on April 11th; 1961.The state Senate passed a bill in South Carolina to expel the Confederate flag from the highest point of the state house vault by a majority vote on April 12, 2000. Following the 2015 Charleston church shooting, many commentators questioned the continued display of the flag at the memorial on the Statehouse grounds (Entman&Rojecki, 2001). The flag later removed which led to many debates with some people, specifically the whites, claiming that the Confederate flag did not have anything to do with the church shooting. How ever, before the removal of the flag, there were rallies promoting the South Carolina’s governor to remove the flag. To the blacks, the shooting was racially motivated, and the shooter had a photo pausing while carrying the Confederate flag. Wednesdays racially propelled slaughter of nine African-Americans at Emanuel AME Church in downtown Charleston has reignited the civil argument over flying the dissident flag at the Statehouse (Williams, 2000). Photographs of Dylan Roof, the admitted shooter, reveal him wearing politically-sanctioned racial segregation images and leaning toward a car with an ornamental license plate bearing tribute to the Confederate States (Entman &Rojecki, 2001).The shooter said that the races should be segregated, that whites should be with whites. It comes from the colonial history of America that the whites are more superior to the blacks. He is pegging his

Marketing Is Called Delivery of Standard of Living Essay Example for Free

Marketing Is Called Delivery of Standard of Living Essay Standard Marketing Marketing is one of the terms in academia that does not have one commonly agreed upon definition. Even after a better part of a century the debate continues. In a nutshell it consists of the social and managerial processes by which products (goods or services) and value are exchanged in order to fulfill the needs and wants of individuals or groups. Although many people seem to think that marketing and advertising are synonymous, they are not. Advertising is simply one of the many processes that together constitute marketing Marketing, as suggested by the American Marketing Association, is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. [1] Another definition, perhaps simpler and more universal, is this: Marketing is the ongoing process of moving people closer to making a decision to purchase, use, follow or conform to someone elses products, services or values. Simply, if it doesnt facilitate a sale then its not marketing. [2] Philip Kotler in his earlier books defines as: Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes. Add to Kotlers and Norris definitions, a response from the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) [3]. The associations definition claims marketing to be the management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer requirements profitably. Thus, operative marketing involves the processes of market research, new product development, product life cycle management, pricing, channel management as well as promotion. Marketing-taking actions to define, create, grow, develop, maintain, defend and own markets. An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate and satisfy customers needs. Al Ries and Jack Trout defined marketing as simply war between competitors, however this is clearly absurd Ali v Frazier is not marketing however the publicity and hyping of the event for commercial purposes is. It was the era of the clean-cut figure in a smart suit, the glad hander salesman who could sell refrigerators to an Eskimo, capable of selling everything from used cars to Bibles. It was sometime in the late Forties that attention came to rest upon a number of inter related elements of the marketing task that seemed to act together to influence the offtake of a product or service. Neil Borden of Harvard coined the phrase the elements of the Marketing Mix, depicting the manager of the function as not a specialist in selling, distribution, or advertising but rather a blender of ingredients in the right proportions to suit the market, its time and place. Later Marketing got separated from the notion of selling, including three distinct elements: customer orientation, i. . beginning with the customer; integrating the whole organization taking a long-term point of view; and linking with the primary goals of the business i. e. a combination of growth, market share and profitability. Indeed some writers (Peter Ducker, Regis McKenna) hold that Marketing and Business are synonymous. A later and less comprehensive formulation came to be known as the 4Ps product, price, promotion and place. This has now become the universal standard as a teaching tool for any introductory course in the subject. This was a vast improvement over the confusion between selling and marketing. It firmly put the former as a part, but only one among many that together explain the success or failure of a product in appealing to customers. Marketing thus became the overarching strategic theme, higher in level of abstraction than the mere act of obtaining the order. The significance of advertising in the establishment of an assured customer base really took off only after the widespread availability of mass media, especially after the 1950s. This not only made competition more difficult but more expensive and affordable only by the large sector. Enter the era of brands and branding. The Brand Image and Personality school came next, mostly identified with the legendary David Ogilvy, who said the brands personality gave it a first class ticket through life. The purpose of advertising was to convey the essence of this personality, beyond merely conveying the consumer benefits to the user and do it in a charming and cultured way (People dont buy from clowns . . . The consumer is not a moron. She is your wife . . . ). Stephen King Director, J. Walter Thompson, London acknowledged as the practitioners guru of Branding, stressed the need for all the elements of a brands make up from name, packaging, design elements to the creative expression of the advertising to hang together. They must be not only mutually consistent, but also reinforcing the strengths of one another, to create a totality greater than the sum of its parts. Though brands have been around a long time the attention to building them happened only after the Sixties. Some enlightened organizations were exceptions and the brand leadership of their famous names still stands, such as Marlboro, Lux, IBM, Gillette, Kodak, Johnson Johnson and so on. Soon, however, the only distinguishing feature of brands became their distinctive flavour of advertising, particularly so in consumer products. After all what can you say about a car (mileage, power, styling, looks), detergent (washes whiter, brighter clothes, removes stains) soap (refreshes, fragrant) or toothpaste (sparkling teeth, healthy gums, fresh breath) that hasnt been said before

International Accounting Developments in Egypt

International Accounting Developments in Egypt Identify the nature of the accounting system used in the country and give supporting evidence to justify the reasons for your decision. As a country, Egypt has experienced a dramatic change towards democracy and transparency. This has further been exposed within the financial statements produced in the country. Through the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards, the country has transformed from a centralised economy, branded by secrecy to an economy based around the global market, providing full disclosure for its stakeholders (Dahawy, Merino and Conover, 2002. pp. 203,204). The setting of accounting standards in Egypt since January 2016 has been a combined effort of a committee of experts from The Egyptian Society of Accountants Auditors, the Central Auditing Agency, the General Authority for Investment and the Egyptian Institute of Accountants. The Egyptian Accounting Standards follow a principle based accounting policy, like that of the IFRS. External factors have a direct influence on the financial reports of a firm, based on where it is operating. Whilst Egypt develops into a more democratic nation, t he social, economic and political factors will develop the accounting standard. As (Adela, D. 2011) states, many specialists believe this is not possible using a rules-based accounting policy, and instead these rules should reinforce a principle, rather than rending it meaningless. Explain any differences between the accounting standards/system used in the country under review and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). From 2006, the Egyptian Accounting Standards have released an entire set of Standards, with 35 of those based on the IASs. Only EAS 1, 10, 19 and 20 are the exceptions. EAS 1 focuses on the presentation of the financial statements, like that of IAS 1. The Egyptian Accounting Standard requires the distribution of profits to employees and board of the directors to decrease the retained earnings directly, without effecting the income figure in the income statement. This has an immediate effect on the Earnings per Share calculation. EAS 10, fixed assets and depreciation, shows a distinct difference to IAS 16. EAS 10 prevents the re-evaluation of a fixed asset, unless the situation is one approved by the Egyptian law. Under IAS 16, the asset is carried at a revalued amount, being the fair value at that date less depreciation and impairment, thus providing a fair value that can be measured reliably (Iasplus.com, n.d.). EAS 19 emphases the disclosure in the financial statements. It necessit ates that the accumulation of general provisions for loans, is fashioned through a decrease of income in the income statement, rather that the IFRS 7 requirement of decreasing the sum from owners equity. Although EAS 10 does not directly affect the owners equity, as net income is included in calculating the owners equity, a reduction in income would in effect reduce the owners equity. One substantial change that does occur for the business through the difference is that of the profit margin. EAS 20 surrounds a companys use of leasing. The requirement of the Egyptian Accounting Standard is that while the asset is leased, the lessor must keep the asset in their accounting books, and will depreciate it whilst the lessee reports the rental payments as expenses, contradicting the requirements of IAS 17 where leased assets are treated in the balance sheet as a receivable, at an amount equal to the total investment in the lease (Iasplus.com, n.d.). Critically discuss whether you believe these differences cause major issues from the viewpoint of global stakeholders. Global stakeholders, such as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have had a major influence on the Egyptian economy since 1991, when an economic reform was launched by the government (Khlif and Samaha, 2013). Since taking an interest in Egypt, major stakeholders such as WB and IMF have pressured Egypt towards adopting the International Accounting Standards, assuring that the application and implementations of the accounting standards are necessary to the confidence of external investors supplying the economy with funding (reference). To an extent, with the exception of four standards, the EAS has been built on this influence, developing on the International standards and applying the standards suitable to the Egyptian environment. The difference in EAS 1 to that of IAS 1 directly effects the earnings per share of the company. This could cause confusion for foreign investors, expecting that the company is in a significantly healthier position, as the earnings per share is o ften used as a tool to evaluate a companys profitability. Revaluation of fixed assets allows investors and the business to accurately view the true market value of a fixed asset. The difference between EAS 10 and IAS 16 could cause a difficulty to foreign investors in evaluating the true value of a companys assets. Without re-evaluating these assets, a companys financial reports will show their fixed assets as a much higher amount than their assets are currently worth in the market. This is especially true for technology based fixed assets which have a rapid decrease in value over time. A higher fixed asset amount causes difficulty in calculating a companys true net assets as well as the companys fixed asset turnover ratio. The main concern for stakeholders through the differences of EAS 19 and IFRS 7 would be the effect on the profit margins of the company. The profit margin of a company is calculated as net income divided by sales. With EAS 19 reducing income from the accumulation of general provisions for loans the numerator of the equation will reduce, causing the business to appear less profitable, discouraging foreign investors. EAS 20, unlike EAS 1,10 and 19, can give confidence in the financial reports to stakeholders. Unlike IAS 17, under EAS 20, a leased asset remains in the financial reports of the lessor, allowing a clearer understanding to stakeholders the value of the assets and liabilities of the company. As a developing country, Egypt had a lack of alternative information sources for investors, such as earnings forecasts, since the introduction of the standards in Egypt, this information has become easier to obtain (Ragab and Omran, 2006). These differences in standards hasnt been the only difficulty for the view of foreign investors, (Salem. 2001. p.112) has also described the difficulty caused through the existence of multiple descriptions of the accounting standards, provided by the ECM, CAA and Egyptian accounting profession, forcing invest ors rely on their intuitiveness, rather than the information provided in the financial reports of Egyptian organisations. Evaluate whether the current position, and any near future changes are likely to lead to issues regarding the country achieving full convergence with IFRS as issued by the IASB Throughout the development of the EAS, there has always been a connection to the standards of the International Accounting Standard. In 1997, the EAS was characterised of 19 standards, primarily based on that of the International Accounting Standard (Dahawy, Merino and Conover, 2002). The main concern on the standard, although stated by the EIAA that the EAS was essentially an Arabic Version of the International Accounting Standard, (Hassan. 2008) acknowledged that two interviewees stated that the translations of the standards included some mistakes, in addition (Hassan. 2008) continues to pronounce the descriptions as similar, yet do not mirror that of the IASs. An official translation of the standards arrived in 2002, with the introduction of three new standards, by the Arab Society of Certified Accountants, based in Jordan. (Carruthers, 1995) has debated that building the standards through a combined effort, these organisations have contributed further in avoiding the adoption of the IAS in Egypt. This is due to each organisation providing similar, yet slightly different descriptions for the standard allowing business managers the discretion to choose a suitable description for their desires, and not conforming to the framework provided by the IAS. As (Hassan. 2008) presented in a case study on financial reporting in Egypt, harmonisation between the EAS and IFRS would not entirely meet the needs of stakeholders, as the country has developed standards to better suit the environment in which the firms providing the reports are operating in. Although a previously centralised economy, since 1997 the Egyptian Capital Market set laws to ensure to legally enforce that joint stock companies and partnerships limited by shares that their financial statements must be in harmony with the standards set by the IAS. While there is some harmony between the two accounting standards, (Hassan. 2008) clarifies in his findings that the Egyptian Accounting Standards were designed solely to overcome the pre-existing socialist accounting practises, whilst also increasing the adherence to the process of privatisation. Full convergence is a very difficult task due to political, economic, social and cultural factors that differ between each country. One possible route for the country to obtain this convergence would be to follow the FASB in the creation of the Memorandum of Understanding (Fasb.org,2014) and work together with the IASB to rather than trying to eliminate the differences between the standard develop a new common standard, to improve the quality of the financial reporting. References Adela, D 2011, Principles- and rules-based accounting debate. implications for an emergent country, Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 20, 1, pp. 602-608, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost. Alexander, D. and Jermakowicz, E. (2006). A true and fair view of the principles/rules debate. Abacus, 42(2), pp.132-164. Carruthers, B. (1995). Accounting, ambiguity, and the new institutionalism. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(4), pp.313-328. Dahawy, K., Merino, B. and Conover, T. (2002). The conflict between IAS disclosure requirements and the secretive culture in Egypt. Advances in International Accounting, 15, pp.203-228. Dahawy, K., Shehata, N. and Ransopher, T. (2011). The State of Accounting in Egypt: A Case. pp.2-8. Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2017]. Iasplus.com. (n.d.). IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias16 [Accessed 2 Jan. 2017]. Kamal Hassan, M. (2008). The development of accounting regulations in Egypt. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(5), pp.467-484. Khlif, H. and Samaha, K. (2013). Internal Control Quality, Egyptian Standards on Auditing and External Audit Delays: Evidence from the Egyptian Stock Exchange. International Journal of Auditing, 18(2), pp.139-154. Mostafa Kamal Hassan, (2008) Financial accounting regulations and organizational change: a Habermasian perspective, Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 4 Iss: 3, pp.289 317 Ragab, A. and Omran, M. (2006). Accounting information, value relevance, and investors behavior in the Egyptian equity market. Review of Accounting and Finance, 5(3), pp.279-297. Salem, A.K. (2001). The role of financial disclosure in serving the needs of investors decision-making processes under the economic liberalisation policy in Egypt. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation. Alexandria University.