Is Hard to Say Good Bye

Is Hard to say goodbye Death is probably the only thing in the world that is certain in life. As humans, we are born, we grow, we reproduce and lastly we die. It is the natural order and as natural as it may sound, human beings have different reactions to such an event. Throughout our lives, we influence or are influenced by people; these influences manifest themselves in the form of raising a child; being a teacher, babysitting etc. In all of these interactions, we create lasting relationships with those whom we come across when death happens to one of the involved parties; emptiness follows the surviving person.As a future nurse, and due to the nature of my occupation, I may be involved in a situation where I must deal with impending death. Emotions will begin to happen, on both ends. On my end I will be trying to help the patient, and the patient coming to terms with his or her destiny. In the following pages, I will discuss how my responses to the â€Å"Reflections on dying† may impact a therapeutic relationship with a mother of a three years old child who has six months to live. In such discussion, you will learn about my thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and values regarding to death and patient relationships.Thoughts; Usually when I first hear of a death My thoughts on death begin with sorrow for the loss of a person who is significant on someone’s live. After meeting a patient who is a mother, and realizing that she does not have much time I will be deeply saddened to what is going to happen to her. I may develop feelings for the child’s well being. My second thought would be that of empathy. As a nurse I must show empathy, compassion, and strength at the same time towards patients. Showing emotions would most likely worsen an already sad situation.This patient is a mother of a three years old child; she will not see her baby grow up. Therefore, I will have the utmost empathy. Also, I will show strength. This is necessary to persuade the patient to live fully the time she has left. If I am the person breaking the news to her, I will be frank and to the point without keeping any information from the patient; since I believe that sugar coating the fact will lead to mixed feelings on the patient. I will tell her to make every day, every hour, and every second count and to enjoy her child in order to leave a lasting legacy.Feelings; after a while, my initial reaction to death Therapeutic relations with terminally ill patients will also involve mixed feelings. There will be a war inside of me, my thoughts will tell me to be strong, but my feelings will want me to feel extremely sad, sorrowful, and incompetent for not being able to help the patient. These feelings will linger every attempt to interact with the patient. It is natural for me to feel sad at the future loss; even when I’ve only known the patient since she started getting treated; still all life is precious. She is meaningful to many people, specially her child.I will definitely feel impotent, which will lead to anger for knowing that there is nothing that I can do to make her feel better. At that point, I will rely on my professionalism to expose and help me act accordingly. The reason why my feelings are normally strong is because when I was twelve years old, my grandmother died; she practically raised me. I spent more time with my grandmother at that time, than I had spent with my mother. I was asleep when I was told that she had died, and feelings began to run rampant. The anger, and sadness were unbearable, and ever since that moment, I have been very sensitive when it comes to death.Beliefs; My predominant emotion to death I believe that all life is valuable; this belief will influence my feelings but not my therapeutic relationships with my patient. Regardless of what I may believe, I know that it is my duty to provide treatment the best possible service to the patient. Being supportive to the patient, and her family membe rs are my priority. If I was in the patient’s shoes, I would like the nurse to bring me up instead of bringing me down in a time of need. I would want the nurse to tell me my condition as is; that way, I can make the right decisions with my life.Also I would like to have everything clear when it comes to my child, and I would like to live my couple of months as happy as possible and pain free. Values; the way I may grieve Integrity is one of the main values I hold dear. A person’s word is their bond; without integrity, our words mean nothing. From integrity, respect and dignity follow on my list of values. My thoughts will influence ethical decisions when conducting therapeutic counseling. They will also reaffirm with my feelings to ensure I manage myself with strength. In addition, treating all with respect and dignity are a priority in my values list.Therefore, when dealing with a patient; everything else stops and I pay full attention to the patient’s needs. I will provide information and suggestions on ways to stay healthy and happy, even thought the patient won’t survive for long I feel that is best to keep the patient happy and comfortable. Conclusion In the last few pages, I’ve explained my thoughts on death. How my initial reactions to death would be and how my thoughts would influence me. Then, I explained how my feelings would manifest, and how they would play a part during routine interactions with the patient.I shared my beliefs and the connection between my beliefs, and thoughts when dealing with loss. Finally, I discussed my values as they relate to death. No matter which situation we find ourselves in; being the ones receiving bad news or giving the bad news; we will react differently to such an unexpected event. As long as we treat others with the respect and dignity they deserve, and we show the empathy we can make a difference on a patient’s remaining lifetime. It does take courage to show strength, a nd humility to show empathy, but the satisfaction to know that we have done the right thing would provide comfort to keep us going.

Online Library System

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction As science and technology continues to advance, most of the manual task has been transformed into cybernet operation in order to cope up with the trend of the age. The fast pace makes any invention obsolete in a few years time. Today people at work and in whatever field of the study consider the computer as a huge help. For instance, in storing and printing documents in mathematical operation, a computer could provide fast tracking work within this area, unlike in manual operation wherein access is very limited.Inspired by the continuing effort raised by some pre need agencies in giving opportunities to some people in securing their future, the researchers come up with the idea of conducting a study about thecurrent Library Management Sytem of Asian Development Foundation College. It is designed for the convenience of the management on keeping track and storing information. The proposed system will serve the user in many ways thro ugh a speedy, tedious and dependable system. For decades the library of Asian Development Foundation College still follows the traditional system never hindering the production of competitive graduates.But sad to say, a large part of their students hardly visits the library at all. Maybe because it is located at the fifth floor of the six-storied building or preferred books in the library takes effort and time for the hectic scheduled students of ADFC. The researchers planned to develop an Online Library Management System they believe it could be the solution to the problem. It will certainly reduce consumption of time, money, effort and stress. Human errors will be lessened and users, whether students or librarians, will enjoy a more carefree environment making an Online Library Management System highly recommended. Statement of the Problem The Online Library Management System is exclusively designed for Asian Development Foundation College. It aims to answer the following: 1. What are the problems encountered on the current LibraryManagementSytem? 2. What system may be proposed to improve the current Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College? 3. What are the inputs needed in developing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College? 4.What are the assessments of the respondents on the developed Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College in terms of: a. Contents? b. Usefulness? Theoretical Framework According to Mike Lance Richards â€Å"Information Processing Theory, is a concept of information processing states that this theory is primarily concern with the study of memory and on the evaluation of information†. Like computer the human mind takes in information and performs operation when needed and retrieval. Having accurate information in conducting the study it will help in the process evaluation primary concern. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"Constructivism Theory , knowledge is not about the world but rather constitutive of the world†. Knowledge is not a fixed about the individual through his practice of the object constructs it. A person who has the exact knowledge of a certain activity is so much important. When people work collaboratively in an authentic activity they bring their own framework and perspective to the activity. They can see the problems form different perspective and are able to negotiate and generate meaning and solution through shared understanding. 3According to Charles M. Reigeluth, â€Å"Elaboration Theory of Instruction deals with the macro level of instruction. † It is primarily concerned with the sequencing of ideas as opposed to the individual ideas themselves and examples relating to them. The sequencing of ideas relates to fundamental and representational ideas or core principles. This theory serves as foundation from which more specific maybe developed. 4 The three theories which are the Information Processing, Constructivism and Elaboration Theories, was used by the researcher as basis for their study.First, the Information Processing Theory helps gather accurate information in order to perform their operations. While Constructivism Theory, researchers, works collaboratively in an authentic activity from different perspective that enables them to generate meaning and solution through their shared understanding, while in Elaboration Theory of Instruction, this serves as their foundation in sequencing of ideas that may be developed a more specific and in analyzing of a specific program. Conceptual FrameworkThe basis for conceptualizing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College which is proposed by the researchers is that it can help visualize the path that the aforementioned system would be heading to. The researchers used the paradigm shown below which consist of the inputs needed, the process that would take place, and the proposed output of the project. Fig. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of the development of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation CollegeSignificance of the Study The result of the study on the online room rental and reservation system is significant of the following: To the Institution The study will provide vital information regarding to their Library Management to identify problem relevant to the maintenance, disposal and/or acquisition of needed materials for their institution to make more efficient and effective in meeting customer needs. To the LibrarianThe librarian of the school library will be greatly benefitted with this Online library Management System because they will no longer need to manually process every transaction and the system automatically load the e-books online once the guest want to read the desired book. The librarian have to do is to input the title of the book, publisher, date of publish and upload the PDF format or Microsoft word format of the book an d it will be save to the servers database. To the Students/InstructorsThey will have a more convenient time in reading books and don’t have to come to the school library to borrow or read books instead they will just access the online library management of the said institution from the internet. To the Researchers The researchers are benefited in this study as well mainly for having to develop employability skills, implement a career plan, and hone each skills and participant in career pathway in preparation for the researchers’ career in the industry. To the Future ResearchersThis study can serve as reference to future researchers in conducting similar researches in the future. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The focus of the developer’s research is to know the current library management system of Asian Development Foundation College, discover easier ways to improvise the current system and develop a computerized version of it to lessen the burden of work o f both students/instructors and of the librarian’s. The proposed study is about the development of an Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College.The proposed system has the capability to upload, manage and view e-books online, secure the e-books and make sure that it can only be view and not downloaded by any unauthorized guest or client. A search index is also added for the users to easily track the available e-books online. With this system the librarian and the other personnel in-charge of the library will have a less stress in work and the clients or students can read e-books anywhere and don’t have to get into the school library to borrow or read books. Login account for different users will be created for database security purpose.The users that can access the system are the librarian, assistant librarian, instructors, working students in the library and students of the institution. The system will have a database that includes addin g of new e-books, modifying and deleting e-books. The system can able to upload e-books in PDF file or Microsoft Word format. The focus of the developer’s research is to know the current Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College discover easier ways to improve the current system and develop a computerized version of it to lessen the burden of work of both the employees and also the students.Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined. Administrator- Somebody whose job is to manage the affairs of a business, organization, or institution. 5 Book- Means a list compiled for some formal purpose, such as the details of an estate going to probate, or the contents of a house let furnished. 6 Computer- A high speed electronic machine which, performs logical calculation, process, Storage retrieves programmed information. 7Data – raw facts that needs to be processed. 8 Informatio n– Processed Data or is a  sequence  of  symbols  that can be interpreted as a  message. 9 Library- is an organized collection of  books, other printed materials, and in some cases special materials such as manuscripts,  films  and other sources of  information. 10 Librarian- Is a person in a  library who is responsible for the management of the books . 11 Library management – is a sub-discipline of  institutional management  that focuses on specific issues faced by libraries. 2 Management – is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and  objectives  using available resources efficiently and effectively. 13 Online – indicates a state of connectivity or often refers to the  Internet  or the  World-Wide Web. 14 System – is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. 15 Software – is a collection of  computer programs  and related  data  that pro vides the instructions for telling a  computer  what to do and how to do it. 16 Theoretical – Dealing with theory or speculation rather than practical applications. 17Notes 1http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Abstract-For Online Library Management System/610544, June 26, 2012 2Ibid. 3Ibid. 4http://www. itcompany. com/forums/essays/Online Library Management System/775489, June 26, 2012 5http://www. wikipedia. com 6Ibid. 7Ibid. 8Ibid. 9Ibid. 10Ibid. 11Ibid. 12Ibid. 13Ibid. 14Ibid. 15Ibid. 16Ibid. Chapter II Review of Related Literature & Studies This chapter includes the purpose of the review of the related literature and studies. The chapter highlights literature and studies relevant to the development of the proposed system. Related Literature ForeignAccording to Irwin O’ Brien in his journal entitled â€Å"Writing in Production and Library Management System† manual information processing systems are simple and inexpensive if the organizational information req uirements are simple and the amount of data to be processed is limited. As information requirements become more complex and the volume of data increases, the speed, accuracy, reliability and economy of using computers for information processing becomes a necessity. It only takes seconds for a computer to perform millions of data processing functions that human being would take years to complete.In this context, all information provided for by the computer is timely. Also, computers can consistently and accurately process large volumes of data according to complex and repetitive processing procedures for a long period of time without failure. However, except for low volume tasks, electronic information processing is more economically justifiable than manual processing1. According to Davidson and Schneider clarified in their Expert System for Library Applications, that Expert systems need not be complex to function well.They further explained that what is good with simple programs is that they allow modifications to be made by subject areas, by simply changing the databases accessed by the program2. According to Godwin Udo in his journal entitled â€Å"Library Management† described that telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a institution like school realize important competitive gains in the area of library management. It is little wonder that business experts commonly cite library management as a vital element that can spell the difference between success and failure in today's keenly competitive institutions. Local According to Wilhelma G. Borja, nowadays, computers are popular in the Philippine schools, Offices and homes. Computers make retrieval and searching of information easier and quicker. Needed information, which used to take weeks to get, can be retrieved in a matter of minutes. The author added that the computer aid researchers which, in turn, can help in upgrading the quality of basic education, boost the country’s science and technology education programs, and upgrade programs in vocational technical training. 4 In addition to this, Roman D.Asis said that â€Å"the manual library management system is simple and in expensive if data requirements are simple and the amounts of data to be processed are limited. As information requirements becomes more complex and the volume of data increases the speed, accuracy, reliability, and economy of using computers for library management system has become a necessity. In other words, the major limitations of manual library management system include its inability to handle large volume of work and its reliance to cumbersome and tedious method. 5 Eugenio F. BansalasofCentral Colleges of the Philippines, during the academic year 2008–2009, Library Director of the Central Colleges of the Philippines has expressed that it is difficult to find materials to help new public library managers cultivate their professional development. Mos t of the research and writings on library management have focused on academic libraries and only recently has there been more interest in the administration of public libraries.The skill and style of public library managers – the directors, branch managers, and department and service managers who are leading these institutions strongly affects the culture of a public library. Library staff looks to these managers to help them navigate through the rapid changes that are occurring in public libraries as these changes in technology, roles, and user expectations strongly alter their daily routines of public service.Contemporary library managers need a wider array of skills and attributes than their earlier and more traditionalcounterparts and will need to seek continual professional development to remain effective as public libraries transition into the twenty-first century. These managers will also need to distinguish between management andleadership skills and learn to identify and mentor leaders within their staff who can assist in the transition. 6 Related Studies ForeignAccording to Tereence Pratt which was cited unpublished undergraduate thesis by Reynaldo Ragrag, that the term computer suggest that its primary purpose is to perform mathematical calculations on to compute in the sense of the word; on the other mechanical aid to make difficult, tedious or dangerous task easier in a universal human. 7 According to Arthur W. Clark cited on the unpublished undergraduate thesis by Michael Sanchez, â€Å"the impact of new technology during the period of 1955 – 1975 saw the formation of new public library units and merge of cooperative type organization.In the mid 1970’s even more rapid changed has occurred in the areas of automation and computerization and this change is expected to accelerate in decades ahead. Library routines have been increasingly automated by computerized circulation system. †8 According to Johannes Gutenberg  "many library functions previously performed manually are now available for automated information storage and retrieval systems. For instance, staff can create their own records and databases.Information retrieval has taken on new dimension, and database searching has become an art within the profession. †9 Local â€Å"In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general†.The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in her dissertation. 10 Science and technologies are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, a nd to science and technology education since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as manage and view e-books online, as cited by Jeffrey A. Hernale on the unpublished undergraduate thesis by Francisco D. Salvacion. 1 Libraries in the Philippines started in the late 16th and early 17th century by Spanish religious orders MuseoBiblioteca de Filipinas inaugurated on October 24, 1891 is the forerunner of the National Library of the Philippines March 9, 1990. American Circulating Library was established by the American Circulating Library Association headed by Mrs. Charles Greenleaf. Miss Nellie Young Egbert was the first Librarian of the American Circulating Library in the Philippines. The school of Library and Information studies of the University of the Philippines or UP-SLIS is the oldest library in the Philippines.Formally established in March 1961 as the Institute of Library Science, It can trace its roots to 1914, making it one of the first Library Schools in Asia. It is an independent degree-granting unit of the University of the Philippines Diliman, and offers program in the field of Library and Information Science. Every University Librarian, since the University Library was established in 1922 has grappled with four basic concerns: the book fund, staff development library services and Information Technology.Now, the UP Diliman has trial access to ebrary, an online database of 170,000 electronic books and other authoritative titles from more than 425 leading publishers and aggregators in various discipline. 12 Notes 1O’ Brien, Irwin, Pc Magazine (New York: USA, Feb 12, 1998)Vol. 10July 2, 2012 2Davidson and Schneider, Pc Magazine(New York: USA, Dec 10, 1998)Vol. 12 July 2, 2012 3Godwin Udo, Journal(Library Management) pg. 10-15 July 2, 2012 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Tereence Pratt et, al. , â€Å"A Proposed Online Library Management System forAs ian Development Foundation College. † (Unpublished Undergraduate thesisAsian Development Foundation College, 2006) p. 35 July 2, 2012 8Ibid. 9Ibid. 10Josifina Estolaset. al, â€Å"Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College† (Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Asian Development Foundation College,2006) p. 30July 2, 2012 11Ibid. 12Ibid. Chapter III Methods and Procedures This chapter contains the methods and procedures in preparation for and in developing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College.This chapter includes the discussion of research design, research locale of the study, validation of the instruments, research instruments, respondents of the study, research procedures, statistical treatment of data, data gathering technique. Research Design The study used a descriptive survey method of research. A direct inquiry or a personal interview was the tool used in data gathering with a prepared questionnai re as guide, the researchers personally went and ask information about their library management in relation to the proposed Online Library Management System of their institution.It was utilized to get relevant information on the present manual system of the library management so that it could be improved, defining the element of the system quantitatively, describing the nature of the problems encountered in the present manual system and analyzing which best software could be developed to solve the problems cited by the respondents in the study. The researchers use this method because it is easy and more convenient to use in study. Research Locale of the Study The study was conducted in Asian Development Foundation College located at P.Burgos St. TaclobanCity. This was conducted during the firstsemester of the school year 2012-2013. History A young but notably growing institution, whose birth came into reality because of the conception and effort of a Filipino Chinese family residing in TaclobanCity. The institution serves student populace not only from Tacloban City but also from the entire region. Organized on October 24, 1984 well-timed for the birthday celebration of its President and founder, businessman Santiago Chua, the school began operations with pre-elementary courses.Pupils were then housed in the only two available classrooms. The following year, the institution introduces its elementary department, with a progressive grade level offering. Its first elementary graders were graduated in the year 1990. That same year, parents and supporters of its graduates and pupils manifested their recognition and esteem of the institution’s remarkable performance and clamored for the opening of secondary school.Based on their earnest and formal petition, permission to operate was granted by the department of education, culture and sports. Hence, the official establishment of Asian Development Foundation Secondary School in the school year 1990-1991. An unq uestionable special feature of such level was the inclusion of complete computer subjects in the curriculum, the very first in region VIII. The offering of undergraduate courses stated in 1994 through a permit to operate approved on April 27 of the same year.Degree courses which are now available include the following; Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Associate in Computer Science, Associate in Computer Secretarial, Associate in Commercial Science, Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in Banking and Finance, Economics, Management, Accounting Management, Entrepreneurial Management and Legal Management. The Asian Development Foundation continues to advance towards its impressive endeavor through the proficient administration of Chua Family with the support of serious involvement of other school officials.This is manifested by the construction of a new 5-storey building which now houses the Collegiate and Graduate school, in addition to the existing school compound in Bliss, Sagkahan in the ADF-extension at the corner of Salazar and Veteranos Street, all located in the city. Tracking back to its humble beginning, it can be gleaned that the Asian Development Foundation is thinking big as it makes headway towards the fulfillment of its mission as a competent learning institution. VisionAsian Development Foundation College as an educational institution dedicated to the development of able professionals, leaders, progressive, efficient and responsible citizens of the country and the world. Mission Asian Development Foundation College as directed towards the developments of its constituents through: 1. Academic excellence, research community service 2. Optimum access to dynamic intellectual, spiritual, moral, and cultural life, and; 3. Responsive and innovative pursuit for human growth. This is the geographical map of Asian Development Foundation College, the research location where the study was conducted.Fig. 3 Geographi cal Location of the Research Locale Respondents of the Study The direct respondents of the researchers gathered data about activities of the library are the librarian and her staffs. It is through them that the researchers were able to know the format of the library’s day-to-day work. Another group of respondents were the instructor and student from the different level of each department namely; Computer Science, Commerce & Accountancy, Liberal Arts and Computer Engineering. Research InstrumentsThe research instrument used in the study is a self–structured questionnaire: for the respondents at ADFC campus to gather their opinions about this proposed Online Library Management System for ADFC library. Validation of Instruments With the permission of the chairman of the Computer Science Department at Asian Development Foundation College, the researchers validated the questionnaires at Eastern Visayas State University. The researchers validated the questionnaires by lettin g the EVSU librarian answer the questionnaire. This procedure was necessary to determine which item on the questionnaire has to be revised or omitted.Research Procedure In order to get the necessary data for the research, the researchers interviewed the librarian of the ADFC campus and distributed the questionnaires to the student respondents of each department and retrieved the questionnaires after the respondents had answered all the questions being asked. The researchers had used three techniques that would really help a lot in developing the Library Management System. One of the techniques is through a format interview, in which the researchers asked the librarian of the library activities, problems and difficulties encountered.Second technique is through questionnaires, which was distributed to the respondents. The third technique is direct observation, in which the researchers observed the operation of the library activities. Statistical Treatment of Data Percentage Formula Th e formula used was: P=[pic]100 Weighted mean this was used to determine the respondent’s assessments in terms of contents and usefulness of the system. Weighted Mean Formula The qualitative description of the weighted mean was determined using the following scales: |Limits of Scale |Qualitative Description | |4. 0 – 5. 00 |Strongly Agree(SA) | |3. 40 – 4. 19 |Agree(A) | |2. 60 – 3. 39 |Neutral(N) | |1. 80 – 2. 59 |Disagree(D) | |1. 00 – 1. 79 |Strongly Disagree(SD) |Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation In this chapter, the interpretation and analysis of the data gathered from the respondents is being discussed. There are two tables provided to elaborate the explanation about the data gathered. The following is the table that shows the result in the percentage by using the formula: P =[pic]100 where P is the percentage, f is the frequency and n is the total number of respondents. It represents the problem that has been enc ountered by the students and likewise by the instructors.A total of 390 respondents participated in the survey, 6 from the employee and 384 from the customers. Table 1 Distribution of Responses on the Problems Encountered on the Current Manual Library Management System of ADFC |Problems Encountered |Respondent |Average |Rank | | |(384) | | | | |No. |% | | | |Slow processing of |197 |51. 30% |75. 5% |3 | |borrowing books | | | | | |Slow retrieval of books |249 |64. 85% |82. 43% |1 | |Redundancy of work in |235 |61. 20% |80. 6% |2 | |recording the status of | | | | | |books | | | | | |Bulky and unorganized |177 |46. % |73. 05% |4 | |files of the book | | | | | |records in the library | | | | | |Unsystematic procedures |78 |20. 31% |60. 16% |5 | |in recording files in | | | | | |the library | | | | |Table 1 show that certain problems do really exist in the current Manual Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College. Out of 390 respondents from both staff and studen ts, 197 of them answered Slow processing of borrowing books, 249 of them also said, Slow retrieval of books, 235 of them answered Redundancy of work in recording the status of books, 177 of them answered Bulky and unorganized files of the book records in the library, 78 of them answered Unsystematic procedures in recording files in the library. A total of 390 respondents participated from both students and instructors in the survey.The researcher used the System Development Life Cycle, because it is a common methodology for system in many organizations, featuring several phases that mark the progress of system analysis and design effort. The specific steps and their sequence are meant to be adapted as required in every project. System Development Life Cycle used in an organization is an orderly set of activities conducted and planned for each development project. In fact System Development Life Cycle is a traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replaced information sy stems. Fig. 4. 1 System Development Life CycleThe first phase of the System Development Life Cycle is Project Identification and Selection. This first phase is initializing that before anything, all information must be carried out for identifying and analyzing, its flow or the whole system work well. In this phase, the researchers identify what system to be proposed that will fit to the said establishment. The second phase is Project Initiation and Planning is explained and an argument for continuing with the project is presented; a detailed plan is also developed for conducting the remaining phrases of the System Development Life Cycle for the proposed system.This phase gives its presented data into a detailed form; here the planning of all operation has been done. In this second phase a detailed plan is developed by the researchers for conducting the remaining phases of the System Development Life Cycle for the proposed system. The third phase is Analysis in which current system i s studied and alternative replacement system is proposed. This phase has been utilized to analyze the proposed system is accurate for development or it needs more plans, and it needs critical study to generate initial design to match the said requirements.This phase the researchers analyzed the proposed system if it is accurate to develop and matching the requirements. The fourth phase is Logical Design in which all functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis are described independently in any computer platform. This phase indicated that the system can be tied to any hardware, and it is flexible to be implemented on any hardware and system software. In this phase the researchers decided what features to be added to the system to make it functional and flexible to any hardware and software.The fifth phase is Physical Design. This phase that all plan and structured system designed will convert in a specified programming language so that the designer of various parts of the system can perform its physical operation that is necessary to facilitate and capturing data. The fifth phase is where the researchers or specifically the system designer added the physical design of the system. The sixth phase is Implementation in which the information system is coded, tested, installed, and supported in the organization. This phase is to mplement the system specification will now come up into a working system; it will be tested and used. Documentation and program training is finalize during implementation. During this phase the researchers tested and installed the system properly and come up to a working system. The researchers finalized the program training and documentation. The final phase is Maintenance where in performance of efficiency and effectiveness is determined. This was the time consuming and effort devoted, just to maintain its capability of performance as desired; so when an error arises the team who made the project will do the change s.By using this cycle the sequence of the following phases can be easily understood, and error will be easily detected if there are any problems. For this cycle helps a lot in this job in a specified assignment. Table 2 Distribution of Responses of the Input Needed to Develop the New System |Inputs Needed |Employees (6) |Rank | | |No. |% | | |Book Title |6 |100% |4 | |Book Author |4 |66. % |9 | |Book Subject |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Title |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Author |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Subject |6 |100% |4 | |Book issued/Borrowed |5 |83. 3% |8 | |Availabilty of the book |6 |100% |4 | |Book Quantity |6 |100% |4 |Table 2 uses the percentage formula P =[pic]100. A total of 6 respondents from the employees participated in the survey. It represents the possible inputs needed by the respondents and the staff in the proposed system. It shows that all criteria given through the inputs are needed in the system. Table 3. 1 Assessment of the Respondents on the Usefulness of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College |Usefulness of the System |Employee |Interpretation | |1.The system will reduce the burden | | | |of work of the staffs and management. |5. 0 |SA | |2. The system allows for a faster and | |SA | |more accurate data processing. |4. 75 | | |3. The Online Library Management | | | |System is more efficient than the |4. 7 |A | |manual system. | | | |4. The system is user friendly. |3. 84 |A | |Overall Weight Mean |4. 44 |SA | Table 3. 1 represents the usefulness of the newly proposed system in Asian Development Foundation College and based from the evaluation of respondents’ answers, two criteria were interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). The system will reduce the burden of work of the staffs and management† got the highest rank with an average of mean of 5. 00; followed by the criterion â€Å"The system allows for a faster and more accurate data processing. † with an average mean of 4. 75. On the othe r hand, the two other criterions were interpreted as Agree (A). The criterion â€Å"The Online Library Management System is more efficient than the manual system† has an average mean of 4. 17 meanwhile the criterion. â€Å"The system is user friendly† gained an average mean of 3. 84. Table 3. 2Assessment of the Respondents on Content of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College |Content of the Computerized Sales and | | | |Inventory System |Employee |Interpretation | |1. The system contains the necessary | | | |information of the â€Å"Library management in | | | |ADFC, Tacloban City. |4. |A | |2. The system is easy to access. |4. 5 |SA | |3. The necessary information is well | | | |presented and organized. |5. 00 |SA | | | | | |Overall Weight Mean |4. 3 |SA | Table 3. 2 shows the result the results on the assessment of the respondents in relation to the content of the newly proposed system. And based from the table, the criterion â €Å"The necessary information is well presented and organized† has the highest remark which is 5. 00 and is interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). Next to it is â€Å"The system is easy to access† which got an average mean of 4. 5 and interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). Last in rank which only got an average mean of 4. is â€Å"The system contains the necessary information of the â€Å"Library Management† in Asian Development Foundation College, Tacloban City and is interpreted as Agree (A) by the respondents. Based from the overall weighted mean it is interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA) and got an average mean of 4. 53. CHAPTER V Technical Requirements This Chapter presents the requirements that would be needed to develop the system. These requirements are called technical requirements because these require a lot of skill and training to be able to come up with them. These requirements include.Project Rationale, Project Objectives, Project Description, Constraints of the System, Project Team Organization, Table of Activities, Activity Network, Gantt Chart, Pert Chart, Data Flow Diagram, System Flowchart, Input Process Output Chart, Program Flowchart, Training Plan, Test Plan, Security Plan, Maintenance Plan, Screen Design and Source Codes. Project Rationale It is been observed that the users and operators anticipate for future development, keeping in mind that technology is not a goal in itself but rather a means to an end of manual operations.At the library of Asian Development Foundation College, manual procedures were still observed, thus the team proposed to computerized the process making the purpose of reducing human errors to eventually increase the efficiency. The rationale behind this research focuses on the appropriate application that will help possibly in managing the library as well as giving appropriate answers to the questions needed in maintaining the data about books, borrowing and returning of books, and providing the stude nts a list of available of books in the library.Project Objectives The Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College’s main objective is to provide library functions and services to students or faculty members of the school. Another is to allow a faster and more accurate processing of data to reduce the librarian and her staff’s burden of work. Necessary book information must be presented well and organized to add user friendliness to its users. Access to the system must be easy but must not compromise the system’s security. Project DescriptionThe system was designed and developed primarily for maintaining records of books present in the library and its details. Book information are entered in Book inventory and students or faculty members who borrow or return books are entered in student and faculty registry together with their personal information. To grant access to a guest the system asks for information necessary for validation li ke Id number etc†¦ Books stored in the system can be viewed online. Search filter features are present to guide users on searching books.Information about the student or faculty members was also provided. Constraints of the System The Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College does not generate receipts after every transaction. Because of the library’s rules and regulations the system cannot do reservations, another is, students can only borrow one book at a time. Project Team Organization â€Å"Ego less Team Structure† The group decided to have an ego less team structure in order to build a fair and unbiased project making.They decided this in order that each member will participate or will develop their initiative for the project making all the members of the group were assigned as team leader, programmer, system analyst, encoder and researcher. Figure 5. 1 Team Organizational Structure Job Description System Analyst – The on e who responsible in analyzing the development of the system and suggest some improvements. Leader – The one who leads and organizes the group. Programmer – The one who is responsible in translating the system plan into program that can be understood and interpreted by the computer.Encoder – The one who is responsible for encoding any type of data into the computer, specially the data for the documentation of the study. Researcher – The one who is responsible in researching and collecting data needed in the research. Table of Activities Table 1 | | |Duration |Date |Date |Predecessor | |ID |Name |In Weeks |Started |Finished | | |A |System Planning |0. |06/19/12 |06/23/12 | | | |Selection of research topic |0. 1 |06/19/12 |06/20/12 | | |A1 | | | | | | | |Library research |0. |06/20/12 |06/23/12 |A | |A2 | | | | | | | |System Analysis |2. 1 |06/25/12 |07/10/12 | | |B | | | | | | | |Interview |0. |06/25/12 |06/27/12 |A2 | |B1 | | | | | | | |Documentation |1. 5 |06/28/12 |07/10/12 |B1 | |B2 | | | | | | | |System Design |3. |07/12/12 |08/06/12 | | |C | | | | | | | |Interface Design |2 |07/12/12 |07/26/12 |B1 | |C1 | | | | | | | |Database Design |1. |07/27/12 |08/06/12 |C1 | |C2 | | | | | | | |System Implementation |4. |08/07/12 |09/17/12 | | |D | | | | | | | |Program Coding |3 |08/07/12 |08/28/12 |B2, C2 | |D1 | | | | | | | |System Testing |0. 3 |08/29/12 |09/01/12 |D1 | |D2 | | | | | | |System Debugging |2. 2 |09/02/12 |09/18/12 |D2 | |D3 | | | | | | Time Estimation in Weeks Table 2 | |Time estimate in | | | | | | |ID |Weeks |ET |TE |TL |Slack |Critical | O | R | P |(O + 4R + P) 6 | | |Time |Path | | | | | | | | | | | | A1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | A2 | 0. 1 |0. 3 |0. 5 |0. 3 |0. 4 |0. 4 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | B1 | 0. 2 |0. 2 |0. 4 |0. 2 |0. 6 |0. 6 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | B2 | 1. 3 |1. 5 |1. 6 |1. 5 |2. 1 |2. 1 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C1 | 1. 5 |2 |2. 2 | 2 |2. 6 |3. 8 |1. 2 | x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1. 5 |1. 3 |3. 9 |5. 1 |1. 2 | x | |C2 |1 |1. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D1 | 3 |3 |3. 1 |3 |5. 1 |5. |0 | | | | | | | | | | |( | | D2 | 0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 3 |5. 4 |5. 4 |0 |( | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D3 |2 |2. 2 |2. 4 |2. 2 |7. 6 |7. 6 |0 |( | | | | | | | | | | | | Activity Network Gantt chart [pic] PERT Chart Data Flow Diagram Admin User System Flowchart [pic] Program Flowchart [pic] [pic] Training Plan The developers are willing to give ten hours of training to the system’s administrators or other users. Before the training starts the developers would need two computer sets (networked) with complete system requirements.For the first two hours the training would focus on the system’s installation procedures; the next two would cover server management and maintenance, the next two hours is for MySQL database management and the last four hours are for the system’s general operati ng procedures. Training will cover: 1. Installation of required hardware and software. 2. Server management and maintenance. 3. MySQL database management. 4. System’s general operating procedures Test PlanTesting is an element of verification denoting the determination of the properties and the characteristics of equipment or components by technical means, including functional operation, and application of established test principles and procedures. System testing is the stage of implementation, which aims at ensuring that the system works accurately and efficiently before actual operation commences. No program or system design is perfect, communication between the user and the designer is not always complete or clear. All this can result in errors. Security PlanThe system is accessed only by enrolled students and faculty members of Asian Development Foundation College. The system will be accessed through inputting the student’s Id number or faculty member’s nam e and password. Access to the system by guest without the said necessary inputs will be denied. To secure the system’s database, a corporate password shall be registered to the local host server. Maintenance Plan The team will conduct trainings to administrators regarding on the system’s database and server maintenance. They will keep in touch in case bugs or glitches are discovered.They will also provide a user’s manual to give administrators better understanding of the system’s functions. Screen Design Chapter VI Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations Summary of Findings Based on observations, the developers found out that the present Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College still maintains its functionality but with continuous data gathering and analysis they also found out that some obstructions are present. One is its accessibility, because the ADFC library is located at the fifth floor of the building and is exh austing going up and down.Time is also wasted when student’s scan books never knowing what they are looking for. These current problems were the developers’ focus to appraise and lead to development of the ADFC’s Online Library Management System. Conclusion From a proper analysis of the proposed Online Library Management System, it can be safely concluded that this application is working properly and meets the users’ requirements. The problems, which existed in the manual system, have been reduced to a large extent. The Online Library Management System will not only improve the efficiency but will also reduce stress thereby improving human functionality.Based from the findings, the researchers confidently conclude the following after a thorough analysis for the present system. 1. That the present manual system will be improved through the development of the Online Library Management System that will provide a faster, easier and more reliable way of inform ation retrieval. 2. That the proposed system will eliminate redundancy of work therefore lesser time will be wasted. 3. Students will now be convinced to visit the library because of the system’s improved accessibility. RecommendationsBased on the findings, and conclusions of the study, the researchers highly recommend the following: 1. Access to the system should be limited only for the administrators (librarian) and users (students/instructors) of ADFC to avoid tampering or unscrupulous act that will change the integrity of the records. 2. Because the library is located on the fifth floor of ADFC, it is advisable to install the OLMS on computers at the ground floor of the building especially on the computer laboratories. 3. Since the coverage of the proposed system is limited.It is advisable that similar studies should be conducted and expanded so that it could provide better and more reliable systems for the next generation of students. APPENDICES Appendix A Letter of Perm ission to Conduct a Study General Operating Procedures Log-in 1. Enter your Username. 2. Enter your Password. 3. Click the â€Å"LOGIN† button to enter OLMS. Book Management 1. Click the â€Å"View† button to view the book. 2. Click the â€Å"Edit† button to edit the book. 3. To view book management. 4. To view ebooks. 5. To register new accounts 6. To view logs. 7. To add new books. 8. To log-out the systemOnline Library 1. To download books. 2. To view books. 3. Type here to search books. Add books 1. Enter the book title. 2. Enter the book edition. 3. Enter book quantity. 4. Enter the book author. 5. Enter the book category. 6. Click â€Å"Add† button to add new category. 7. Click â€Å"Choose File† button to select what book to upload. 8. Save and Cancel button. [pic] ———————– Feedback Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College OUTPUT ? Conducting Researches ? Interview ? Observation ? Questionnaires ? Analysis ? Designing ? Programming ? Debugging Testing PROCESS ? Problems encountered by the management ? Downloaded Materials ? Books ? Hardware and Software INPUTS Where: P=Percentage f =frequency n =no. of Respondents x =[pic] Where: x = WeightedMean † fx = sum of the product of Fr? fx = sum of the product of Frequency (f) And Weight (x) n = Number of respondents Project Identification And Selection Project Initiation and Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance System Analyst Leader Programmer Researcher Encoder Legend: Critical( Non-Criticalx TL = 0. 6 TE = 0. 6 ET = 0. 2 B1 A2 A1 S TL = 0. TE = 0. 4 ET = 0. 3 TL = 0. 1 TE = 0. 1 ET = 0. 1 TL = 0 TE = 0 ET = 0 TL = 2. 1 TE = 2. 1 ET = 1. 5 B2 TL = 3. 8 TE = 2. 6 ET = 2 C1 TL = 5. 1 TE = 5. 1 ET = 3 C2 D1 TL = 5. 1 TE = 3. 9 ET = 1. 3 TL = 5. 4 TE = 5. 4 ET = 0. 3 D2 TL = 7. 6 TE = 7. 6 ET = 2. 2 TL = 7. 6 TE = 7. 6 ET = 0 F D3 Legend Critical P ath Non Critical Path Legend: Critical path Non Critical path System Planning A 0. 4 06/19/12 06/20/12 Library Research A2 0. 3 06/20/12 06/23/12 Interview B1 0. 2 06/25/12 06/27/12 Documentation B2 1. 5 06/28/12 07/10/12 Selection of Research Topic A1 0. 1 06/19/12 06/20/12System Analysis B 2. 1 06/25/12 07/10/12 System Design C 3. 4 07/12/12 08/06/12 Interface Design C1 2 07/12/12 07/26/12 Database Design C2 1. 3 07/27/12 08/06/12 System Implementation D 4. 3 08/07/12 09/17/12 Program Coding D1 3 08/07/12 08/28/12 System Testing D2 0. 3 08/29/12 09/01/12 Activity Name Activity ID Start Finished Duration System Debugging D3 2. 2 09/02/12 09/18/12 LEGEND Non Critical Path Critical Path 1. 1 Verify Username & Password Level 1 Log-in Admin 1. 3 Open System Admin 1. 2Security Database Level 2 2. 2 Select Book 2. 4Database 2. 3 Check Book 2. 1 Search AdminLevel 3 OK 3. 3 Validate 3. 2 Save? 3. 1 Add Book Admin Admin 3. 4 Save 3. 5Database Level 4 4. 4 Edit? 4. 2 Validate 4. 5 Update Adm in 4. 1 Select 4. 6Database 4. 3Database Admin Admin Level 5 5. 4 Delete? 5. 2 Validate 5. 1 Select 5. 5 Delete 5. 6Database 5. 3Database Admin 1. 2Database Level 1 Log-in 1. 1 Verify Username & Password User User 1. 3 Open System 2. 2 Select Book 2. 1 Search 2. 4Database 2. 3 Open Book Level 2 User Logo Online Library Management System of ADFC eBook Management Library Management List of books Filter Logout 2 1 3 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 3 6 8 5 7

Business Models Strategy and Innovation

The concept of the business model is basically a structure that supports business viability that includes its goals, purpose and other ongoing plans to achieve them. In simple words, it specifies the description to fulfill an organization's purpose. The business plan is all about elements that are required for demonstrating a prospective business's feasibility, whereas a business model is about demonstrating elements for making the existing business to work successfully. The definition of the business model is described differently by various authors but its common meaning can be defined by two elements – a business system, that can be defined as work systems in form of delivery or production system that are designed by a firm, within its boundaries and beyond for product delivery to target customers. And the next element is profit model, which is a pattern to describe firm’s intention of making profits in existing business. It can include plans to sales increase or/and reducing costs.   It also helps the business to distinguish from other competitors by means of product or price (Verstraete, & Jouison-Laffitte, 2011). Out of the two elements of the business model, the business system is less visible and profit model is more visible. The profit model is observed by outsiders and due to direct linkage to the bottom line of any firm, it is much more glamorous than the business system. However, a business system can be considered as the most significant element in a business model, since it plays two roles – as a system that realizes a firm's differentiation strategic intent which is the real work, and secondly, it accelerates towards future learning processes. During business system design the following things are determined by the firm –the labor division amongst the firm and its partners for trading, internally organizing firm’s in-house system of working and controlling trading activities of partners externally (Weill, Malone, D’Urso, Herman, & Woerner, 2005). The business model as a system works to satisfy needs of customers and tries to do a better job than other competitors. It also enables people working in an organization to explore more about technologies and observe customer's reaction. The business model as a system functions in accordance with learning system while doing the work that involves learning first. It also leaves footprints of the doers while working on any system. It determines two important factors that include maintaining the workflow of in-house and outsourced operations and controlling final delivery options to customers. These factors help the firm to determine ways to learn about market and technology and search for possible partners that are aligned with the firm's goals (Lindgren, 2012). When actual work is done, the flow of various kinds of information takes place and it creates an overall exchange of information from firms to its business partners. As humans are blessed with high thinking and observational po wers, it can directly stimulate by work or action that can be done. This action further provides triggering events and enhances the capacity to form proper strategies for the business system. Also, the business system helps with accumulating information. It is not just dealing with mundane operations to determine operations cost and various products to act as a learning system. It also enables these firms to keep close watch over outside parties like partners and customers and then gains business system's byproducts activity that can quite quickly accommodate and provides growth for improving long-term benefits. Thus, eliminating static problems of any kind. The profit models, on the other hand, has multiple attractions that enable the firming contract to offer lower cost operations that can reduce its operating costs and no longer needs to invest in such work sector (Osterwalder, & Pigneur, 2009). It overall leads to the reduction in capital costs in the firm. If the business model is considered as a system, the doers are accumulators of work related information and approach contract firm that is still learning. The costs can be controlled unless external work can become extra burdens to the firm's business. It integrates together the unbundled and bundled work for carrying out overall operation smoothly, then delivers its final product to customers. This will not become a serious problem if both these bundled, as well as unbundled works, are integrated without creating the transaction costs too expensive. It also means that less learning about work never erodes future growth that has the potential of unbundling firm. The profit model c an override risks that are imposed on the business system due to dynamic problems in firm. There are unexpected environmental conditions that exist in the supplier firms that can change in dramatic ways, and hence threatens the supply lines for destabilizing integration in smooth ways. This significant learning process can produce certain in-house components in a business model that creates a huge innovation towards progressing future market, where a central role is occupied by components to produce new products successfully (Kim, & Min, 2015).   As per the article on the design of business model with a perspective of an activity system, by Raphael Amit and Christoph Zott, it gives a whole new idea about the business model and its various parameters to design its activity systems. The design elements include structure, content, and governance. The element structure describes activities that are linked or in other words have sequences between them that capture their actual importance for a business model. If IBM is considered, during the 90's when a huge financial crisis occurred, the firm was triggered and it forced to switch its peripheral and core activities. Thus shifting the firm's focus from hardware supplier and to become new software service provider. It enabled the firm to rebuild its structure from old known body or core and it helped in becoming one of the greatest service providers in the world. It took those decades but it enhanced its reach and helped them to launch a new range of activities related to IT, consulting, networking and many other services (Dermine, 2013). By the end of the year 2006, almost over half of the revenues generated by IBM amount to ninety billion dollars and it was possible due to investing new technologies or activities that are totally new. The element content is referred to activities selection by the firm that is actually ready to be performed. If an example of retail bank named as Bancolombia is considered, it adopted activities that were designed for offering microcredit to above sixty percent of Colombian citizens who didn't have banking service accesses. The bank adopted training methodologies for top management people to hire new staff and train them. Thus creating and developing new ways to link and expand the existing banking system that includes channels, applications, and platforms (Honohan, 2002). The element governance is referred to people those performing activities. If any franchise is considered, it is relevant to one approach that can work as a key element in value determination in any firm. It's about an adaptation of new business ideas through exploring professional management for creating values that can be added to performance in any business model. The NICE themes for business model design deal with novelty, lock-in activities, complementarities services and efficiency in a model. Novelties are new ways of governance activities, lock-in refers to retaining power by the activity system, and complementarities are the inclusion of value adding services that lead to innovation in a firm and create demand in an actual market (Teece, 2010). The efficiency refers to use of activity system to achieve more output and reducing transaction costs. The essay covers the overall idea regarding the adaptation of business models to run and operate any business firm successfully. Its idea is to understand the concept of business model and its work functioning as an activity system. The elements of business models are discussed in brief along with its focus on handling problems that can arise during business model implementation. The essay also enlightens on partnership and innovation processes along with significant design elements that are necessary for future growths of existing business models. Dermine, J. (2013). Bank Regulations after the Global Financial Crisis: Good Intentions and Unintended Evil.  European Financial Management,  19(4), 658-674. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036x.2013.12017.x Honohan, P. (2002). Comment on â€Å"Costs of banking system instability: Some empirical evidence†.  Journal Of Banking & Finance,  26(5), 857-860. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(01)00271-0 Kim, S., & Min, S. (2015). Business Model Innovation Performance: When does Adding a New Business Model Benefit an Incumbent?.  Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,  9(1), 34-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sej.1193 Lindgren, P. (2012). Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Lead Business Model Innovation?.  International Journal Of Business And Management,  7(14). https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n14p53 Osterwalder, A., & Pigneur, Y. (2009). Business Model Generation. Retrieved from https://www.businessmodelsinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Business-Model-Generation-preview-of-the-book.pdf Teece, D. (2010). Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation.  Long Range Planning,  43. Retrieved from https://www.businessmodelcommunity.com/fs/root/8jig8-businessmodelsbusinessstrategy.pdf Verstraete, T., & Jouison-Laffitte, E. (2011).  A business model for entrepreneurship  (1st ed.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Weill, P., Malone, T., D’Urso, V., Herman, G., & Woerner, S. (2005). Do Some Business Models Perform Better than Others?.  Sloan School Of Management Massachusetts Institute Of Technology. Retrieved from https://ccs.mit.edu/papers/pdf/wp226.pdf

Critical Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Amazon Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Supreme Court Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

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Letter of Intent - Pharmacy Residency Program Essay

Letter of Intent - Pharmacy Residency Program - Essay Example During my rotations at CSMC, I was encouraged to develop a critical mind as a clinical practitioner through a host of rotation opportunities and exposure to various teaching experiences, general hospital practice, and other challenging environments that challenged my skills as a clinical pharmacist. As a pharmacy resident, I was given the rare opportunity to work hand in hand with physicians and pharmacists in the development of clinical therapies directed at minimizing adverse drug effects on patients. This included my actual participation in more than 60 interventions that fueled my passion for pharmaceutical care for patients. This I believe, was a rare opportunity offered to me by CSMC as a resident that will benefit any healthcare provider that I work with during my PGY1 residency because of the fact that my accurate, split-second decision making skills have already been effectively honed during my pharmacy residency. Completing my PGY1 residency at CSMC will open doors for me in the future. As a clinical pharmacist, I hope to work in the area of infectious disease with a concentration on critical patient care and transplant pharmacy. If need be, I am willing to undergo an additional year of specialized training in order to become a world class clinical pharmacist. I firmly believe that I have the intellect, skills and passion necessary to succeed in your residency program. My time management skills, work ethics, and dedication to pharmaceutical care will help to further establish CSMC as one of the leading teaching hospitals in terms of exceptional clinicians and leaders in our respective

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

BUS599 - Integrative Project, Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example Organization development (OD) strategies aim to improve organizational ability to diagnose and assess its effectiveness to provide appropriate remedy or interventions to problems and issues (Tichy, Hornstein, & Nisberg, 1977). These utilized open systems which optimized a transparent explication of the inputs, throughputs, and outputs of the organization’s feedback loop. This is hoped to motivate organizational members to participate in change processes (Burke, Coruzzi, & Church in Kraut, 1996; French & Bell, 1995; Harrison, 1987). Organizational development involved some models (Howard and Associates, 1994) that could facilitate the enhancement of deepening the understanding of organizational organization; of categorizing organizational data; interpret these data to generate meanings; and to develop common organizational language. It can also identify vital variables of the organization and depict its relations and impacts. This is an empirical method of evaluation. It also u ses comprehensive kind of analyses. The latter cover: 1. Force Field Analysis (1951)- This is developed by Kurt Lewin developed this model of analysis. It is perceived as relatively simple and can be creatively visualized because it can depict the driving and retraining forces of an organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These driving forces encompass environmental factors and change management while the restraining forces may include limited resources and demotivated human resources that could bar organizational sustainability and development (Leadership Sphere, 2012). When these hindering and driving forces are identified, the organization can proceed to formulate recommendations to solve the problems and regain organizational balance. This model aims to bring about the state of equilibrium of driving forces to eliminate the restraining factors (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 2. Leavitt’s Model (1965) – This refers to authority systems, communication systems, and work fl ow within the organization. This includes the use of technology (or machinery), tasks, and subtasks that are embed in organization’s product and services (Leadership Sphere, 2012). This will also include the human resources designated to perform roles and tasks to attain organizational goals (Leadership Sphere, 2012). These variables are dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent. Any changes in each of the variable will impact to the other variables in a chained effect. Sometimes, the change in variables may produce compensatory or retaliatory change in the other variables. However, this model does not address the concerns on external environment that may affect the variables of the organization (Leadership Sphere, 2012). 3. Likert System Analysis (1967) – This fundamentally addresses the concern on organizational motivation, communication, interaction, decision-making, goal-setting, control, and performance (Likert, 1967). While there is no illustration to depict this is as an analytical tool but this can be addressed by enhancing or using recommended systems of organizational management. This encourage democratization of decision-makings, participation, consultation, exercise of benevolent leadership and transformational leadership (Leadership Sphere, 2012). The framework originally has no standard scale: â€Å"strongly agree,† â€Å"agree,† â€Å"neither agree nor disagree,† â€Å"disagree,† and â€Å"strongly disagree.† It used to have a customized scale labels for each question raised

Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Holocaust - Essay Example Despite popular opinion, the Holocaust didn’t occur because the German people fell into a hypnotic trance of some sort and suddenly felt obligated to kill innocents simply from hearing Hitler’s charismatic speeches. Most German citizens did not know of the Concentration Camps, including the residents of the cities where these camps of death were located. The executions were performed by the German military with SS troops, paramilitary police unit, in charge of the operations. Both the unknowing German citizens and the most fanatical of Nazi’s did have something in common however, a nationalistic idealism which was the underlying motive for the annihilation of the Jewish race. This common idealism was derived from the result of a long developing German cultural connection via the ideology of Volkism, with beginnings from the previous century. This paper will show evidence that Nazi foreign policy ambition before 1939 extended not only to regional military invasions but to total racial, ideological and cultural dominion on a global scale. It will look at the Aryan Nazi aspiration to be the world’s main power in terms of obtaining territory beyond simply Europe and Russia. No greater illustration is the Nazis plans to eventually invade the U.S. Additionally the paper will examine the significance of eliminating the Jewish race so that the Aryan race could govern the world and the Nazi’s association with art, the symbolic meaning behind controlling the world’s works of art so they could control the world’s combined culture. The Nazi state did not focus on production or preserving Germany’s economic condition but instead on its ability to prey upon other societies. Guided by authoritarian and racist political theories, the Nazis rapidly eliminated basic freedoms in an effort to construct a ‘Volk’ community. A ‘volkish’ community, according to Nazi ideals, united all regions of Germany and social

Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture - Essay Example According to Isozaki, the poetic imagination stands out as the only way to restore architecture at a historical moment especially after it appeared to be ruined by creative lethargy of late-modernism (Petit, 2008, p.153). The poetic work of Isozaki gives a complex analysis of the Japanese city in terms of reflecting to the monstrosities of the disastrous war. The monstrosities highlights the existence of human nature and should, therefore, be included in the image of architecture. Isozaki utilizes the human life motive to make people understand the relationship that exists between the finitude of human life and the precariousness of architectural fantasies. By importantly combining effects of distorting and moving mirrors, image, light and sound, Isozaki develops an effective and bodily experience that turns the mirror image of exhibition hence leading to the realization of abstract and sterile approach of architecture (Petit, 2008, p.153). The linking of the architectural developments to the past experiences, and the related aesthetic of fragmentation, characterizes the contemporary architectural works of Isozaki. In fact, he argued that for an architect to evade mass consumption that might be cast by the technocrat and not abandon design, then the architect must be ready to maintain a relationship with reality, which in most cases is characterizes by ironical and paradoxical (Petit, 2008, p.157). This paper tries to analyze Isozaki Frankenstein architecture project and trying to understand how the project is significant both in relation to the development of city and the emergence of diverse range of medium in everyday life. In trying to do so, several literature will be reviewed. The paper will then review the concepts from other sources in response to the question above. Isozaki utilizes the concepts of paradoxical reference to the past to demonstrate

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay Example for Free

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay The musical component of the medieval period is noted to have been one of the most important musical experiences in history. Every aspects of medieval music that have survived left legacies that deeply impact both the sacred and secular musical structure of today. Nonetheless, the music that permeated at that period has tangibly contributed in the musical heritage and tradition of present day society, most especially those of the Catholic Church. In this regard, it is therefore an imperative to look back on the historical overview of medieval music and its importance in the field of music as a whole. Medieval Music Medieval music is identified as the music that permeated in Europe during the middle or medieval ages. The said era covered the periods ranging from the Roman Empire’s fall and ascent of Gregory the Great to papacy, until approximately the early fifteenth century. This form of music excludes that of the Byzantine Empire, which is noted to have a separate development. Basically, medieval music is divided into two principal categories: the sacred and secular. As Christianity was a dominant force during the medieval era, entire musical style was developed in order to support it. Therefore, sacred music was either inspired or set by the biblical text. Sacred music was originally composed in order to pay homage to God. Unlike sacred music, secular music has not been observed early in the said period. Yet medieval secular music played a significant role during the medieval period as it was created for the purpose of its entertainment value such as for dance or expressing ones love, which deeply reflects the lifestyle during that era (â€Å"Medieval music: Birth of polyphony†). Early Medieval Sacred Music Chant The earliest body of song documented from the medieval period was the chant, which is sometimes referred to as plainchant or plainsong. Chant is a monophonic, or music with just one part, which has been the earliest form of music used by the Catholic church. The account of the nun Egeria from her pilgrimage to Jerusalem from circa 400 AD was noted as the earliest evidence of plainchant practice. The account includes descriptions pertaining to psalms and singing (Cyrus). The evolution of chant was accounted to various regional liturgies like the Roman, Gallican, Celtic, Ambrosian, Mozarabic and the likes. Likewise, the traditions of the Byzantine Church as well as the Jewish synagogue’s psalm singing were pointed as strong influences in the emergence of chants (â€Å"Medieval music†). Over the next years, the practice of chant continued to develop until it became an important component in the mass and office that is familiar among the students of the medieval church (Cyrus). It is noteworthy that the adaptation of chant in the liturgical practice was a result of the religious reforms spearheaded by Charlemagne, who perceived the church as an important body that would enable him to unify his empire. He then replaced the regional varieties of plainsong with a single unified version. According to biographers, approximately in the ninth century Charlemagne decided to ask for the supervision of Rome in order to have the doctrinally unified versions of the chant. The resultant liturgical practice is commonly known as the â€Å"Gregorian Chant,† which is acknowledged as the central musical tradition in Europe during the medieval period (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Gregorian chant was named so in honor of Pope Gregory I, who is believed to have organized around 3,000 melodies for the Roman Catholic worship. Such form of chant interblend ancient melodies, coming from the oral traditions of sources like Greek, Hebraic and Eastern, with the early Christian churches liturgical prayers (Pen). It is believed that many of the Gregorian chants were written in the western monasteries during the reign of Charlemagne (â€Å"Medieval music†). The music of the church is divided into chants used for the mass and for the office. Chants for the mass are a combination of celebrating the word of God and the Holy Eucharist, while chants for the office or ordinary are those that are part of the churches daily services which includes psalms and prayers. The text that change daily are known as â€Å"proper,† while the stable texts which are repeated for most of the church services are tagged as â€Å"ordinary† (Cyrus n. p. ). Plainchant fuses text and tunes so as to function as a prayer, while the Latin text serves as the musical rhythm dictator in order for the text and tune to exactly correspond with each other. Normally, the melodic contour of such music is shaped by the words direction, which is set syllabically, making the text understandable. Other chants are also set in a melismatical manner where in â€Å"one syllable is sustained over several notes† for the purpose of ornamenting and emphasizing important syllables (Pen 119) and neumatic melodies where the music contains two to five notes for each syllable. Every service is embedded with a mixture of the said styles, making the liturgical action more dramatic (Cyrus). Notation The Carolingian cantors adapted almost four thousand chants every church year. In order to organize the imported chants they developed systems that organize the musical materials involved. As music during the early medieval period was not written down, the pressures of memorizing every song is perhaps the very reason why the Carolingian cantors created the system of notation. The system of church modes, wherein chants are classified according to their range, central pitch or final and melodic idioms were also developed. Alongside with the development of notation systems, liturgical books became widespread, regularizing the liturgical practice (Cyrus). Notation Improvements By the end of the ninth century until the 12th century both composers and performers created means for the liturgical process to prosper. Various feasts were developed alongside with new chants. Liturgical compositions from the past were copied through the use of a new system known as staff notation which was developed by Guido of Arezzo. Such notation was able to specify pitches of a melody through the combination of staff or set of horizontal lines and one or more clefs in order to identify the pitches of the chant. Guido also created a sightsinging system involving solmization, a process where pre-assigned syllables are used for certain pitches (Cyrus). Additionally, other improvements in the sacred medieval music were observed such as the polyphony. Early polyphony As plainchant was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony, perhaps sacred composers grew weary of the chants and began experimenting with their music by adding musical lines in order to create harmony. This is known as polyphonic music, which gave birth to harmony. Around the end of ninth century, monastery singers like Switzerland’s St. Gall added voice in parallel motion to the chant, wherein they can sing in perfect musical intervals of the fourth and fifth together with the original tune. Such development is known as â€Å"organum,† which is considered as the beginning of â€Å"counterpoint,† an important feature of music where â€Å"two or more melodic strands occur simultaneously† (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). From then on, the organum developed into several ways. The â€Å"Florid organum† is one of the most significant forms of organum that was developed around 1100 in the south-west of France. Also referred to as the school of St. Martial, named after a monastery in France that is noted to have the best-preserved manuscripts of such musical style, â€Å"Florid organum† is incorporated within the chants in such a way that the original tune is being sung in long notes, while another voice would serve as an accompaniment by singing many notes to each of the original piece that is often done in â€Å"highly elaborate fashion† in order to further emphasize the perfect consonances of the music (â€Å"Medieval music†n. p. ). Middle Medieval Music Subsequent developments of the organum took place in England, specifically at Notre Dame in Paris, which is said to be the center of musical creativity all through the 13th century. The emergence of the Notre Dame School of Polyphony around 1150 until 1250 is said to be the vehicle for a more modernized form of the organum, and paved way for the beginning of â€Å"Ars Antiqua†Ã¢â‚¬â€a period in which rhythmic notation is recognized in the Western music; a period that greatly applies the method of rhythmic notation which is known as the rhythmic modes (â€Å"Medieval music† n. p. ). Basically, Notre Dame organum employs three distinct rhythmic styles that adheres to the rhythmic modes: (1) â€Å"organum purum† wherein both upper and lower voice freely moves without a specific rhythm to follow, (2) â€Å"copula† which upper voice moves in accordance to a strict rhythm while the lower voice moves freely, and (3) â€Å"discant† wherein both the upper and lower voice follows a strict rhythm (Cyrus n. p. ). Also this period, the concept of formal structure emerged, allowing composers to become more attentive with proportions, architectural effects and musical texture. Composers of the said period created various musical forms such as the â€Å"clasulae,† melismatic (technique of placing several noted in a single syllable of text) parts of the organa are extracted and fitted with new wordings so as to improve musical elaboration; the â€Å"versus’ or the â€Å"monophonic conductus† has a structure known as strophic, wherein the music is repeated for each successive stanza of the liturgical reading or poetry; and the â€Å"trope† where new musical and textual materials are added to a pre-existing liturgical composition, most especially the introductory chants of the mass and the short chants of the ordinary. Trope singers, which are usually soloist, can come before, in the middle or after the host chant or choral; they simply amplify the meaning of the original composition. In some cases, tropes inject dialog and short interludes within the music; as such, they are though to be the forerunners in the field of liturgical drama which also emerged in this period (Cyrus n. p. ). â€Å"Sequence† also emerged during the era of liturgical consolidation in the medieval period. â€Å"Sequence† is identified as a separate form of choral composition that follows the Alleluia during mass. Credited to Notker Balbulus, sequence is a syllabic genre that contains irregular phrase lengths. In this type of chant genre, the musical lines normally contain one to four clauses, while the entirety of the music is often repeated before starting a new musical material (Cyrus n. p. ). The â€Å"motet† is profoundly one of the most significant forms of music created during the Middle Ages, specifically during the early parts of the Notre Dame period. Made out of the clausula, motet is focused on the usage of multiple voices, as stated by European composer, Perotin. Motet was further developed into a greater form of musical elaboration and sophistication during the 14th century which is noted as the era of â€Å"Ars Nova† (â€Å"Medieval Music†). Secular Music Although the plainchant was dominant in the sacred musical landscape of the middle age, other musical forms were used for the purpose of secular expression (Pen 119). Secular music existed in the shadow of secular music during the medieval period as most of the music scribes in this era were inclined in the creation of sacred music. Likewise, Medieval secular music was usually passed along orally and are rarely written down. As such, only limited number of composition has survived. Nonetheless, those existing copies of secular music serve as a vehicle for present day people to view the life at court in town during Middle Age. One of the earliest surviving music in secular form was accounted to the Goliards, who are wandering poet-musicians in Europe during the tenth until the mid-thirteenth century. Their secular compositions were consolidated in an early thirteenth century musical collection known as the â€Å"Carmina Burana. † However, due to the unclear notation, the reconstruction of the actual secular melodic sounds created by the Goliards was impossible, except for some pieces that have similarities with sacred music (Cyrus n. p. ). Most of the poetry created by the Goliards are secular in form, while some songs celebrate religious ideals and others are notably profane that tackles drunkenness, lechery as well as debauchery (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The secular music of the Troubadours of southern France and the Trouveres of the northern region are said to be the largest collection of secular music. The music created by the said groups are from their poems and utilized the vernacular tradition of monophonic secular music that are probably accompanied by varying instruments and performed by professionals ranging from skilled poets, singers and instrumentalists. Likewise, their poems have adopted the language of their regions—Troubadours used lyrics written in Occitan also referred to as old Provencal or langue d’oc while the Trouveres used old French or langue d’oil. The music of the Troubadours was complimentary with the cultural life of Provence. Typically, their music describes war, courtly love and chivalry. Troubadour musical period lasted through the twelfth century until the first decade of the thirteenth century. The abrupt end of the Troubadour period was accounted to the Albigensian crusade, a campaign spearheaded by Pope Innocent III, which aims to eliminate Albigensian heresy, thererby eliminating the whole civilization of the Troubadours. Troubadour survivors of the fierce campaign migrated to Spain, Northern France or Northern Italy, where their musical inclination is said to have contributed in the secular music tradition of the said places (â€Å"Medieval Music†). The music of the Trouveres, on the other hand, was similar to that of the Troubadours. However, they were unaffected by the extermination directed towards the Albigenses unlike the Troubadours, allowing their music to survive until the thirteenth century. Most of the 2,000 surviving songs of the Trouveres showed musical sophistication that deeply highlights the poems it accompanied. Other than the Goliards, Troubadours and Trouveres, vast numbers of secular songs were also composed by civilization such as the Minnesingers, who are said to be the German counterpart of the Troubadours and Trouveres, and the Flagellants, who were noted for the geisslelieder songs that aims to appease the anger and wrath of God through this penitential music along with the mortification of their bodies (â€Å"Medieval Music†).

Discovering philosophy. Structure of Personality Essay Example for Free

Discovering philosophy. Structure of Personality Essay Structure of Personality Introduction The Components The Id            According to Freud, the id is unconscious behavior of human beings which are considered to be primitive as well as instinctive and one is born with id (White, 1996). Under this component, there is the need for satisfaction to the needs to be provided immediately, the desire and the variouswants that human beings have. When one fails to satisfy these needs and wants, it leads to tension and anxiety. Freud observed that id tends to resolve or remove the tension and anxiety brought by the pleasure principle through imagination. The Ego            The Ego is another component of personality in humans and according to Freud; it is involved in dealing with real issues in life of human beings. The ego ensures that the people are able to express the impulse of id in a manner that is considered acceptable and realistic in the real world(White, 1996). The ways through which id impulses are satisfied need to be socially acceptable and realistic based on the principle of reality. The costs and the consequences of the actions in satisfying the pleasure principle are considered before making a decision. Superego            The final component as identified by Freud on personality structure is the superego. This is considered to be the aspect which holds all the ideals and moral standards that human beings possess internally(White, 1996). The moral standards and ideals are acquired from the society and parents, giving human beings the sense of what is right and what is considered to be wrong. The ability of human beings to make judgment on issues in life comes from the guidelines provided by superego and this, according to Freud, starts at about the age of five years(White, 1996). According to Freud, there are two primary parts of superego which include ego ideal as well as the conscience. Ego ideal is concerned with good behavior while conscience is for bad behavior. Reference White, T. I. (1996). Discovering philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source document

Attitudes and behavior

Attitudes and behavior ABSTRACT The paper focuses on attitudes and behavior on the concept of the youths buying behavior towards branded sports shoes, different consumers have got different decision making process. The buyers ultimate goal is to buy the product of qualitative, quantitative with low/best affordable price. In order to identify different kinds of consumers behavior towards buying of different branded shoes and Nike sports shoe. I have carried out buying behavior of youth and different kind of consumer behavior models, literature and theory of consumer behavior; finally, I analyzed and concluded with research based on questionnaire of Nike shoes and case studies of Nike sports shoes at Halmstad University. 1. INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Introduction: Why studying youth buying behaviour? Youth is perhaps the most difficult demographic group to communicate with. Not only they have a short attention span, they are also elusive in media consumption, fickle in brand preference, and simply challenging to engage and entertain. Marketers spend millions in marketing research every year trying to predict, or anticipate, changing youth behaviours. With the continually proliferating choices of sports shoe, not only does this group embrace technology at an early age, it quickly becomes the early adopters of all new trends and convergent platforms. One can argue that whatever youth does today foreshadows what older demographic groups will adopt in the near future. All this makes it extremely difficult to understand and target their behaviours. Background Consumer has been elated with the kind of reception; they are getting from various companies these days. The reason behind a drastic change in consumer behavior is because the consumer is no more treated as a hire purchaser but, he is treated as the decider of the companys fortune. Companies or marketers cannot hire any fortuneteller to guess the consumers attitude. Guessing or measuring the consumers attitude is not a cake walk but this is because predicting consumers attitude is as tough as predicting consumers mind (Bheri, 2004). Consumers are continuously choosing among the various products though they are not aware of the products and usage, even though they are intentionally purchasing the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products, furthermore if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very difficult to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to gain the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to understand (Nelson, 1970). The term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction and his often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context, the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, they encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Hawkins, Best and Coney 1998). The consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits (Baker, 2004). The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to perform successful sales operations in the market an effective distribution channel and networks are required for the organizations. Distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Consumer is the ultimate user of every product, without any consumer there is no market as such (Baker, 2004). Every region wise the different consumers are using different kind of products. Every consumer has their own tastes and preferences. So, every consumers opinions and preferences are different from one another. The local marketers have good idea about, what the local consumers are using (region wise). For example: The south Indian food habits and tastes and preferences are different, when compared to north Indian food habits (Thomas, 2004). Based on above paragraph, direct marketing activities have big impact on every consumer, because through direct marketing every company knows about the behavior of every consumer in the market. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behavior in the local market. So, author suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behavior. This theory helps for the organization and sub-organizations to know the consumer behavior in different market environments, taste and preferences of the consumer behavior (Thomas, 2004). McDonalds would not have made a big impact in the Indian market had it persisted with its U.S. product line that included beef products, moreover, McDonalds repositioned the brand as family-oriented and children-friendly, catering the traditional Indian middle- class segment that finds pride in its family culture and is especially conscious of childcare. So in this point of view Mc Donalds have approached differently, because they identified that, which they followed earlier that will not get good impact on their business so, they immediately changed the business line to achieve the targets, thus, this is one kind of business strategy to achieve the set goals in huge populated countries (Dash, 2005). For perspective of globalization we can not change the system of tastes and preferences of Consumers. Another instance demonstrating the ignorance of local tastes in the wake of globalization features the multinational mobile phone makers, Nokia had tasted success with its soap-bar designed phones and ceased producing the flip phones that consumers found irritating to use (Zaccai, 2005). The Chinese business people are giving importance to Chinese traditional, patriotic values; the business people are running their businesses by showing their traditional, patriotic advertisement and promotional campaigns to get the business from the Chinese people. The Chinese consumers perspective, by assessing their preferences amongst a host of advertisements and promotional campaigns, later on the business people are started the global Advertisement campaigns with status and social appeal, they sought immense pride in clinging to the traditional, cultural and patriotic values through the local campaigns, with this theory helps by knowing the Chinese consumer behavior and also they are giving same importance to traditional and patriotic values in the name of advertisements. Finally, they want the advertisements with traditional and patriotic values of Chinese culture (Zhou and Belk, 2004). The consumers mind is different from one another in this as author said in the definition that according to the human psychology, demographical differences, age sex and to understand people needs. (Kotler, 2004), to assess the influences of every consumer approach is different, in theory explained that consumer is treated as decider of the company, what ever the product comes to the market, the consumer is the ultimate purchaser for every product, some times the consumers are choosing, selecting and going for family decision making to choose differently, in one point of time the consumers differentiated and explained that they are going for personal and some of the them are using products for profit. Demographical differences make new food habits for every consumer. The choice of variation for every consumer (Kotler, 2004). The example of above paragraph, two countries, therefore Chinese consumers are giving respect to traditional and patriotic values, where as Indian consumers are more religious when they are using the products. These are influences that make the consumer to purchase different products; mostly those influences are more related to the physiological, demographical, social, cultural, economic, family and business influences. According to Kotler (1994), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general (Kotler, 1994) for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality. Every family member doesnt have the same opinion to buy the same product; different family members have different choice to buy the product. So, in one family consumer behavior is different (Kotler, 1994). 2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a better knowledge of consumer buying behavior towards purchasing the sports shoes. The aim of the thesis is to find out the factors influencing the youth in purchasing sports shoes. The purpose of the study could be expressed by the following research question. Assessment factors, which influence the youth to buy sports shoes? 3. LITERATURE REVIEW The Definition: Consumer-buying behavior according to Kotler (2004, p.601) is defined as The buying behavior consumers individuals and house holds who buy goods and services for personal consumption. the term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction is often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and the organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Kotler, 2004). Peter and Olson, (1993) mention that interactions between the peoples emotions, moods, affection and specific feelings is called consumer behavior, in other words in environmental events which they exchange ideas and benefits each is called consumer behavior . Buying behavior of people, who purchase products for personal use and not for business purposes (Peter and Olson, 1993). The Physical actions of consumers that can directly observe and measured by others, by influencing behavior profit can be earned (kotler, Armstrong and Cunningham, 1989). The study of consumer behavior has evolved in early emphasis on rational choice (microeconomics and classical decision theory) to focus on apparently irrational buying needs (some motivation research) and the use of logical flow models of bounded rationality (Howard and Sheth 1989). The latter approach has depended into what is often called the information processing model (Bettman 1979). The information processing model regards the consumer as a logical thinker who solves problem to make purchasing decision (Holbrook and Hirschman 1980). Compares the four major approaches to create successful inter-organizational relationships and integrates them into a single prescription for managing important inter firm relationships (Palmatier, Dant and Grewal, 2007). Service fails, in satisfying the customers and developing customer loyalty over time in business to business markets. Cyert (1956) may have been the first to observe that a number of managers in addition to the purchasing agents are involved in buying process, and the concept was labeled buying behavior and popularized by Robinson (Faris and Win 1967). Webster and Wind (1972) famously identified five buying roles, they are: 1. users 2. Influencer 3.buyer 4. decider and 5 Gatekeeper (Webster and wind, 1972). Further categories have been suggested as the initiator (Bonoma, 1981), and the analyst and spectator by Wilson (Wilson, 1998). The product purchase decision is not always done by the user. The buyer necessarily purchases the product. Marketers must decide at whom to direct their promotional efforts, the buyer or the user. They must identify the person who is most likely to influence the decision. If the marketers understand consumer behavior, they are able to predict how consumers are likely to react to various informational and environmental cues, and are able to shape their marketing strategies accordingly (kotler, 1994). The consumer behavior influences are follows: The consumer behavior influences in 3 aspects, they are acquiring, using and disposing. The acquiring means that how the consumer spends money on the products, such as leasing, trading and borrowing. Using means some of the consumers use the high price products and some of the consumer sees the quality. Disposing is nothing but distribution, order or places a particular product (Hoyer, Deborah, 2001). By understanding consumer behavior deeply, different authors have given different information about the consumer behavior, how consumer buys the products, it involves four steps they are: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behavior, the marketer can pick up many clues as and how to meet the buyer need and develop an effective program to support an attractive offer to the target market (Kanuk, 1990). According to Kotler (1994), the Consumers buying decision process is influenced by four steps those are as follows: Types of consumer buying decision behavior: Consumer buying behavior decision-making varies with the type buying decision. There are different types of buying behavior decisions. Complex buying behavior: Consumers undertake complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in purchase and complex buying behavior and perceive significant difference among the brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product are expensive, risky, purchased in frequently and are highly expensive (Kotler, 1994). Dissonance Reducing buying behavior occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent or risky purchase, but sees little difference among various brands (Kotler, 1994). Variety Consumers undertake variety seeking buying behavior in situations characterized by low consumer involvement, but significant perceived brand difference. In such cases, consumers often do a lot brand scrutiny (Kotler, 1994). 4. THE BUYING DECISION PROCESS Introduction of buying decision process Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Mostly large companies do extensive research on consumer buying decision, to answer questions like what does consumer buy, where they buy, how they buy, how much they buy, when they buy and why do they buy a product, for this question to reorganize the decision different stages needed they are, information search, and evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase decision etc., The consumer passes through all five stages with every purchase, but in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The buying decision process The buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyers decision is depending on his/her internal external stimuli of consumer behavior. The internal and external stimuli of consumer behavior means that the consumer, which product should purchase, how much wants to purchase and externally which products are more reliable and usable. According to this internal and external stimulis the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The consumers are searching the information from the various sources those are information search, personal source, commercial sources, public sources and experimental sources; this is also process of the buying decision process before purchase of the product (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). Information search: The consumer can obtain information from any of several sources, which includes: Personal source: family, friends, neighbors, acquaintance etc. Commercial sources: advertising, sales people, dealers, packaging, displays. Public sources: mass media, consumer-rating organizations etc. Experimental sources: handling, examining, using of the product. Consumers receive most of the information about a product from commercial sources, which are controlled by the marketer. The most effective source however tend to be personal. Personal sources appear to be even more important in influencing the purchase. Evaluation of Alternatives: The consumer evaluates all the alternatives available to him/her to arrive at a brand choice. The consumer will see the product as a bundle of attributes with varying capacities, which satisfies his or her needs. The consumer will pay more attention to those attributes connected with their needs. The consumer is likely to develop a set of brand beliefs about, where each brand stands on each attribute. These of beliefs held about the particular brand is known as brand image, according to the beliefs and preferences of the consumer, evaluates the alternative products instead of using existing products (Kotler, 2004). Purchase decision: In the evaluation stage, the consumer ranks all the brands and makes a purchase intention. Generally the consumer purchase decision is to buy the most preferred brand, when purchasing a products, consumer will think about two things, which can be, purchase decision and purchase intention. The attitude of others and unexpected situation factors both directly or indirectly effects the consumers final decision to buy a particular brand. (Kotler, 2004). Post purchase behavior: The buyers job does not end when the product is brought. After purchasing the product, the consumer will be satisfied or dissatisfied and will be engaged in post purchase behavior. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the purchase of a particular product depends on the relationship between the consumer expectation and the consumer disappointment, if it meets the consumer expectations, the consumer can get satisfied. And if it exceeds he/she is delighted (Gilly and Gelb, 1986). 5. THEORETICAL FRAME WORK Consumer Involvement Theory The consumer involvement theory means that, how the consumer involving the purchase of various products in the market, after purchasing the product, how the consumer responding towards the products called consumer involvement theory. The consumers get the information through advertising, for that they purchase, use, and react that they see and hear about the products that they buy (Barry, 1987). Level of involvement an individuals intensity of interest in a product and the importance of the product for that person, those are enduring involvement and situational involvement (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). Routinized response behavior is that the process used when buying frequently purchased low-cost items that requires little search- and decision-effort (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). The consumer involved in purchasing of products and usage and, also, various aspects like high involvement and low involvement in process of purchasing of products. The consumer some times involves high and low in purchasing products, so, theory of involvement is explaining that the consumer recognizes the importance of the purchase and it considers that the degree of perceived risk, moreover, it reflects on self image perhaps information processing may be different from one another (Ray, 1973). The low involvement theory is explaining that the consumer would accept wide range of products with positive attitude with do-feel-learn strategy, firstly the consumer select any kind of product, use the product, if they are not sure about how to use the product, and they learn how to use the product. To purchase a new computer in market and using of the computer, if they are not satisfied then they go for learning of how to use the computer. The low involvement of consumer will be in manner that do-feel-learn strategy (Ray, 1973). In one of the consumer article author explained about the consumers, are influenced by television commercials and their relationship effectiveness of advertisements (Krugman 1987). High involvement theory is rational and emotional, and it is explaining about the consumers participations in the context very actively without any hesitation, moreover, they look after extensive problem solving. In this theory of involvement the consumers learn about the product, use the product, if they are feeling that the product is comfortable to use it, and then they go for buying the product, so this is called high involvement because after usage, they definitely buy the products. The high involvement theory is reversible order to low involvement theory like learn-feel-do strategy (Debruicker, 1979). How the involvement theory is useful, the emotions, specific feelings, learning of every product and involves when they want to use it and when they want to purchase it. So, this theory helps when the consumer purchasing any kind of product or after using the product. 6. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR MODELS Introduction Intergradations of three models There are three types of models, which will explain about consumers process of basic needs to selecting one particular product, In order to process consumer behavior the following three models are important, the first and foremost model is that the Hierarchy model of consumer behavior, in this model the author said that, without any basic needs the consumer can not survive, so, the consumer should have some basic needs, which have been explained below, secondly the consumer behavior model. In this model author mentioned about research and planning, in this process, the researchers are taking samples from consumer before manufacturing the new products in the market. Finally, lens model has been explained that in order to choice/select a product by the consumer. Most early psychologists studied people who had psychological problems, but Maslow Hierarchy needs tells us about the needs of consumer behavior. Hierarchy needs of consumer behavior model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslow believes that people seek to fulfill five categories of needs. (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslows given the hierarchy needs for consumer behavior, before starting about the consumer behavior, the consumer needs are important; usually every consumer have some hierarchy needs, they are; self actualization needs, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety and security needs and psychological needs (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The self actualization needs: The term actualization means that the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is called self actualization needs. For example: one can play the music, he is called musician or artist, and one can paint the art is called painter, one can write the poems, is called poet. For surviving in competitive world one profession is important, this profession is not only for surviving, but also one kind of need for human being. In small words to understand simply one individual potentiality develop him by doing something; it is called the self actualization (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author suggests that the self actualization need is important when the consumer wants to survive, consumer came with new professions, and it is one kind of need, it will help the consumer to survive in this competitive world (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Esteem needs: The term esteem means that need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment, for example one can travel in the bus, motor bike, and car respectively, depends on his/her financial position they can travel. In this case travel is a need, so, in smaller words, if one can economically sound, then he/she arranges the esteemed need according to their financial possession (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author said that, if she/he needs the esteem needs, then they should have good economic possession, if not no necessary to maintain the car or motor bike, it is very easy to use the public bus or walk (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Social needs: The social needs includes love of family or friends, for example, the boy loves his girl friend, the relationship between husband and wife, one child belongs to one family This is called belongingness or love (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). This is one kind of need for every consumer, because every consumer has their personal belongingness and love. Safety needs: The safety might include living in an area away from threats. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel safe. For example one wants to live safe and secure life in the society. Finally, always consumer wants to live a life, which is safe and secured (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs: It includes the very basic need air, warmth, food, sleep, stimulation and activity. People can die due to lack of biological needs and equilibrium common needs like food, water, oxygen and other common minimum needs are wanted for every one to survive in the world. This is also a basic need of consumer (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Consumer behavior model The concept of consumer behavior model is that, all the consumer minds are not the same, because every consumer thinks in different manner and purchasing of products also different. The below figure is saying about the research and planning, now a days the products are many, the consumer is attracting towards new products and its features. The manufacturing companies are designing the products, before manufacturing of new products the researchers are taking the samples for research from the consumers, after taking the samples from the consumers, researchers are doing the research about the products, it encourages companies to constantly innovate better ways to serve the consumer needs (Yeowzah, 2003). The research planning depending on product design, insights and action. As author saying about the design, if products designs are good then every consumer attracted towards purchasing of new products, the product design is possible only by doing research. The insights is nothing but the product features, the product features are depend upon good research and planning, without any research and planning there is no product as such. In between these two aspects the action takes place to do good research and to get good results in the market (Yeowzah, 2003). 2. Consumer behavior model (Yeowzah, 2003) http://www.yeowzah.com/consumer_behavior_model.htm The significance of consumer behavior decision theory in some cases consumer has clear and strong choice or preference for particular product to purchase. According to the customer preference, companies can increase their sales to develop the 4 Ps marketing to affect the customer preference and test. Company can design the product to attract the customer to make the better sales. To analyze the competitor activity and make the most battle plan to fight in to the market (Hauser, 1993). Lens Model Product Features Perceptions Preferences Psycho-social cues Availability, Price Choice Lens model (Hauser, 1993) Description: The above lens model says that, the product features and perceptions are inter dependent, because the consumer see the product features before purchasing any product in the market, the product features arrow showing towards perception, the perception is nothing but understanding of the product, in this process consumer will understand about the product, after understanding the product, the perceptions is going to be preference of various products (Hauser, 1993). In this process of preference product, the consumer prefers the products, after preferring the product, consumer select the particular product that is called choice. The final arrow showing towards choice, but this whole process depends on consumer psycho-social cues and availability price of the products in the market (Hauser, 1993). The second way is that the psycho-social cues and perceptions are also inter dependent with the help of these two terms the consumer prefers the product and finally choose/select the product (Hauser, 1993). The third way is that the consumer chooses the product with the help of psycho-social cues, which means psychological influences, understanding of the product and availability price of the products (Hauser, 1993). NIKES INTRODUCTION (NIKES CASE STUDIES) The company was established in 1968. Philip H. Knight is the chairman and CEO of the company. The first idea was given by Philip knight to manufacture the shoes, the idea behind this concept is that, when he was studying MBA in Stanford University in USA, he completed the course and he was trying to do the project in different marketing contexts, for this project, he went to Japan to do project in tiger shoes in Japan, it is one of the best shoes brands in Japan, at the same time he presented himself as an American representative and started manufacturing of shoes and he has given name for that company is blue ribbon sports company later on he has changed the name Nike. Later he started manufacturing shoes, apparel and equipments and he renamed his company name like Nike hope for the best to happen after some time he turned in to his coach Bill bower man in his school for what to do next in this industry. So, Bill bower man came up with new idea. In 1979 the Nike was the worlds top companies in the world. Nike mainly concentrated on athletics, the main competitors was Reebok and Adidas. Now Ni